Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
359 results found
Article
Mastectomy
Mastectomy is a surgical treatment for breast cancer in which the entire breast tissue is removed through a surgical procedure as opposed to a wide local excision. Sometimes, adjacent structures, such as lymph nodes, are removed to prevent recurrence or metastasis. In some cases, mastectomy is d...
Article
Dilated mammary veins (differential)
Dilated mammary veins can result from many pathologies. These include:
as a secondary but non specific sign of breast malignancy 1
ipsilateral subclavian venous obstruction
SVC obstruction 2
Mondor disease: can be dilated as well as being thrombosed
Article
Step-and-shoot tomosynthesis (breast)
Step-and-shoot is a technology of image acquisition in digital breast tomosynthesis characterized by stopping scanning at every single angle during image acquisition.
Step-and-shoot technology displays advantages in microcalcifications conspicuity, spatial resolution, signal-to-noise ratio impr...
Article
Flying focus tomosynthesis
Flying focus is a technology of image acquisition in digital breast tomosynthesis characterized by a continuous sweep during shooting.
Sharpness in digital systems is determined by the modulation transfer function (MTF), which determines contrast transfer as a function of spatial frequency.
Si...
Article
Interval breast cancer
Interval breast cancer is a term given to cancers detected/presenting within 12 months after a mammographic screening in which findings are considered normal 2. The term is a statistical benchmark used in conjunction with other parameters to assess the efficacy of breast imaging programmes and t...
Article
Pregnancy associated breast cancer
Pregnancy associated breast cancer (PABC) is usually defined as a breast cancer diagnosed during pregnancy or one year following delivery. PABC occurs in one out of every 1500-10,000 pregnancies 5-6 and represents up to 3% of all breast malignancies. The incidence may be increasing due to many w...
Article
Snowstorm sign (extracapsular breast implant rupture)
The snowstorm sign on breast ultrasound imaging represents the presence of free silicone droplets mixed with breast parenchymal tissue causing characteristic homogeneously hyperechoic dense shadowing with dispersion of the ultrasound beam. It is considered the most reliable sign of extracapsular...
Article
Digital breast tomosynthesis
Digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) is an imaging technique that allows a volumetric reconstruction of the whole breast from a finite number of low-dose two-dimensional projections obtained by different X-ray tube angles, with a geometric principle very similar to that applied in stratigraphic te...
Article
Radial scar
Radial scar, or complex sclerosing lesion, is a rosette-like proliferative breast lesion. It is not related to surgical scarring. Some authors, however, reserve the latter term to lesions over 1 cm 5.
It is an idiopathic process with sclerosing ductal hyperplasia.
Its significance is that it...
Article
Male breast cancer
Male breast cancer is exceptionally rare and only accounts for less than 0.25% of male malignancies and ~0.5-1% of all breast cancer (both genders). The diagnosis is sometimes delayed due to the patient's hesitancy to seek advice. Workup from a radiological point of view is the same as for women...
Article
Breast neoplasms
Breast neoplasms consist of a wide spectrum of pathologies from benign proliferations, high-risk lesions, precursor lesions, to invasive malignancies. This article provides an overview for radiologists, with a focus on breast cancer.
For a summary article for medical students and non-radiologi...
Article
Capsular contracture
Capsular contractures are a potential complication of a breast implant and refer to a tightening and hardening of the capsule that surrounds a breast implant. It is a condition that can distort the shape and cause pain in the augmented breast. It seems to be the most common complication post-bre...
Article
Nevoid hyperkeratosis of the nipple and the areola
Nevoid hyperkeratosis of the nipple and the areola (NHNA) is a rare, idiopathic, and benign dermatological condition of the nipple and areola.
Epidemiology
Most often seen in females of reproductive age, especially during the 2nd and 3rd decades of life. Less than 70 cases have been reported t...
Article
Malignant phyllodes tumor
Malignant phyllodes tumor of the breast accounts for up to a quarter of the phyllodes tumors.
Please, refer to the main article on phyllodes tumors for a general discussion.
Pathology
It is generally thought that it is the stromal component that becomes malignant 4. This may account for thei...
Article
Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) inhibitors
Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) inhibitors including palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are used in patients with hormone receptor (HR)-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative (HR+/HER2−) advanced breast cancer. Another CDK inhibitor, trilaciclib, has be...
Article
Labeled imaging anatomy cases
This article lists a series of labeled imaging anatomy cases by body region and modality.
Brain
CT head: non-contrast axial
CT head: non-contrast coronal
CT head: non-contrast sagittal
CT head: non-contrast axial with clinical questions
CT head: angiogram axial
CT head: angiogram coronal
...
Article
Subareolar abscess
Subareolar breast abscess are relatively uncommon and tend to occur mostly in young women.
Clinical presentation
Common clinical features include mastalgia, lump formation in the subareolar region, and nipple discharge. In chronic cases, fistula formation and nipple deformity may be seen. Som...
Article
CT dose index
CT dose index (CTDI) (measured in mGy) is a standardized measure of radiation dose output of a CT scanner which allows the user to compare radiation output of different CT scanners. In the past CTDI100 (measured over a 100 mm long ionization chamber) and CTDIw (weighted average of dose across a ...
Article
Ductal carcinoma in situ
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) refers to a breast carcinoma limited to the ducts with no extension beyond the basement membrane, as a result of which the disease has not infiltrated the parenchyma of the breast and the lymphatics and cannot therefore metastasize.
Epidemiology
The detection of...
Article
Medical devices in the thorax
Medical devices in the thorax are regularly observed by radiologists when reviewing radiographs and CT scans.
Extrathoracic devices
tubing, clamps, syringes, scissors, lying on or under the patient
rubber sheets, foam mattresses, clothing, hair braids, nipple piercings, etc., may also be visi...