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Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.

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Hereditary spherocytosis

Hereditary spherocytosis (HS) (also known as Minkowski-Chauffard disease 1) is a group of hemolytic anemias due to a genetic abnormality of the erythrocyte cell membrane resulting in spherocytes. The clinical spectrum is broad, from a subclinical state to severe transfusion-dependant anemia. Ep...

Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome

Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS), previously known as hepatic veno-occlusive disease (VOD), is a condition arising from occlusion of hepatic venules. Clinical presentation right upper quadrant pain painful hepatomegaly ascites abnormal liver function tests Pathology Toxic injury to l...

Normal gastrointestinal tract imaging examples

This article lists examples of normal imaging of the gastrointestinal tract and surrounding structures, divided by modality. Plain radiograph abdominal film example 1 example 2: erect and supine example 3: pediatric example 4: pediatric example 5: young adult male Barium studies barium ...

Splenic metastases

Splenic metastases are relatively rare on imaging and are more commonly encountered at autopsy. Typically they are part of a widespread metastatic disease. Epidemiology The rate of splenic metastases varies between 1-10% of autopsy studies, depending on whether microscopic or macroscopic metas...

Hemoglobinopathies

A hemoglobinopathy is a genetic disorder which alters the structure of hemoglobin 1. The result is reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood to the tissues, and other sequelae. Clinical presentation Clinical presentation varies, is related to hypoxia, and characteristically includes the fo...

Splenic abscess

Splenic abscesses, like abscesses elsewhere, are localized collections of necrotic inflammatory tissue caused by bacteria, parasites or fungi. They uncommonly affect the spleen due to its efficient reticuloendothelial system phagocytic activity and, consequently, are more likely seen in immunosu...

Bone marrow

Bone marrow is ubiquitous throughout the skeleton, primarily composed of hematopoietic cells and fat cells between bony trabeculae and fibrous retinacula. It performs numerous physiological functions and dynamically changes during normal aging and in response to stressors and pathology. Although...

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a paradoxical thrombotic state resulting from an immune response to heparin, although the condition can rarely occur without heparin exposure. Terminology Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) are unrelated conditions. Epi...

Leishmaniasis

Leishmaniasis refers to zoonoses caused by parasites of the genus Leishmania. There are three main forms of leishmaniasis: visceral (also known as kala-azar or dum-dum fever) cutaneous mucocutaneous leishmaniasis Epidemiology Leishmaniasis is a truly global disease with a higher burden in t...

Ommaya reservoir

Ommaya reservoir, also known as Ommaya shunt, is a device for repetitive access to the intrathecal space, consisting of an intraventricular catheter connected to a reservoir (port) implanted beneath the scalp. It is used for intrathecal administration of medication such as chemotherapy (mainly i...

Splenic artery embolization

Splenic artery embolization is an endovascular technique for treatment of splenic and splenic artery pathology as an alternative to splenic artery ligation or splenectomy. It often results in successfully treating the underlying pathology, while maintaining at least partial splenic function. I...

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is a non-specific marker of acute inflammation which is seen in a very wide spectrum of pathologies. It has been sidelined by the use of C-reactive protein and other acute phase markers but it still has an important role to play in the management of some cond...

All-trans-retinoic acid syndrome

All-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) syndrome, is the more common cause of differentiation syndrome 8. Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) cells respond to therapeutic levels of this normal plasma derivative of vitamin A by maturating into normal granulocytes which can cause capillary leakage and organ...

Twin anemia polycythemia sequence

Twin anemia polycythemia sequence (TAPS) is considered a variant of the twin to twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) occurring in monochorionic twin pregnancies. Epidemiology TAPS may occur spontaneously in up to 5% of monochorionic twins and may also develop after incomplete laser treatment in tw...

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), also known as Marchiafava-Micheli syndrome or Strübing-Marchiafava anemia, is an acquired hematopoietic stem cell disorder whereby some of the red blood cells produced are defective and are susceptible to premature destruction by the immune system, lead...

Sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation of the spleen

Sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation (SANT) of the spleen is a rare, non-neoplastic vascular splenic lesion of uncertain etiology. Terminology The term SANT first appeared in the literature in a 2004 article by Martel et al. which examined a series of 25 cases 3. This relatively unco...

Ebola virus disease

Ebola virus disease (EVD) (also known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) or simply Ebola) is a viral hemorrhagic disease caused by the Ebola filovirus. Ebola is an extremely virulent virus with a case fatality rate of ~70% 1. Epidemiology First recognized in 1967 after polio vaccine laboratory w...

Normal hepatobiliary imaging examples

This article lists examples of normal imaging of the liver and biliary tree and surrounding structures, divided by region and modality. Liver Plain radiographs liver silhouette: example Ultrasound liver ultrasound example 1 with shear wave elastography liver Doppler ultrasound: example ne...

Immune thrombocytopenia

Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), historically known as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, is an autoimmune disorder characterized by a decrease in platelet numbers to <100 x 109/L. In most cases it is a primary condition, i.e. no underlying cause is found. Terminology Historically, immune thro...

Dengue fever

Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne acute systemic viral infection caused by any of the four serotypes of the dengue virus. Epidemiology Dengue virus infections occur predominately in tropical and subtropical regions 3. Clinical presentation The infection can lead to a broad spectrum of sympto...

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