Articles
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4,271 results found
Article
Proximal biceps tendon injury
Proximal biceps tendon injuries refer to biceps injuries at the level of the shoulder and usually affect the long head biceps tendon. They comprise strains, partial and complete tears.
Epidemiology
Proximal biceps tendon injuries account for about 96% of all biceps injuries 1.
Risk factors
...
Article
Shwachman-Diamond syndrome
Shwachman-Diamond syndrome, also known as Shwachman-Bodian-Diamond syndrome, is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by 1:
exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
metaphyseal chondrodysplasia
bone marrow hypoplasia (cyclic neutropenia)
Epidemiology
Shwachman-Diamond syndrome is a rar...
Article
Mpox
Mpox, previously known as monkeypox, is a rare zoonosis caused by an orthopoxvirus and in general, produces a mild flu-like illness and rash in humans. Virologically and clinically the condition is similar to smallpox, the first and only viral disease to be eradicated by humans. In 2022, a new o...
Article
Bone lesions with sequestrum
There are several bony lesions that can involve or produce a sequestrum.
They include:
Common
Brodie abscess: osteomyelitis
Less common
eosinophilic granuloma
certain soft tissue tumors (with bony extension)
undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma
lymphoma
metastasis (especially from brea...
Article
Distal phalanx fracture
Distal phalanx fractures are among the most common fractures in the hand.
They represent > 50% of all phalangeal fractures and frequently involve the ungual tuft 1.
They are frequently related to sports, with lesions such as the mallet finger and the Jersey finger. When associated with a crus...
Article
Stress fracture
Stress fractures refer to fractures occurring in the bone due to a mismatch of bone strength and chronic mechanical stress placed upon the bone.
Terminology
A pathological fracture, although a type of insufficiency fracture, is a term in general reserved for fractures occurring at the site of ...
Article
Achilles tendon tear
Achilles tendon tears are the most common ankle tendon injuries, with microtears to full thickness tendon tears of the Achilles tendon and are most commonly seen secondary to sports-related injury, especially squash and basketball.
Epidemiology
There is strong male over-representation presumab...
Article
Winquist and Hansen classification of femoral shaft fractures
The Winquist and Hansen classification of femoral shaft fractures is based on fracture comminution and stability.
Usage
The Winquist system is commonly used along with the AO/OTA classification of femoral diaphyseal fractures 4.
This classification was originally used to assist (along with ot...
Article
AO/OTA classification of proximal tibial fractures
The AO/OTA classification is one of the most frequently used systems for classifying proximal tibial fractures or proximal tibial end segment fractures. Like other fractures, they are divided into three groups subject to the severity and complexity of the respective injury 1:
type A: extraartic...
Article
Osteonecrosis
Osteonecrosis (plural: osteonecroses) is a generic term referring to the ischemic death of the constituents of bone. It has a wide variety of causes and can affect nearly any bone in the body. Most sites of involvement have an eponym associated with osteonecrosis of that area (see list below), a...
Article
Galeazzi fracture-dislocation
Galeazzi fracture-dislocations consist of a fracture of the distal part of the radius with disruption of the distal radioulnar joint. A Galeazzi-equivalent fracture is a distal radial fracture with a distal ulnar physeal fracture 2.
Epidemiology
Galeazzi fractures are primarily encountered in ...
Article
Patellar tendon-lateral femoral condyle friction syndrome
Patellar tendon-lateral femoral condyle friction syndrome, also known as Hoffa fat pad impingement syndrome, is a common cause of anterior knee pain in active individuals. It is thought to be due to patellar maltracking or imbalance of the forces between medial and lateral vastus muscles, causin...
Article
Fat pad impingement syndromes of the knee
In fat pad impingement syndromes, the etiologies are different for each knee fat pad.
In anterior suprapatellar fat pad impingement syndrome, the cause is usually due to either a developmental cause related to the anatomy of the extensor mechanism or may be related to abnormal mechanics. In thi...
Article
Osteomyelitis pubis
Osteomyelitis pubis refers to infectious inflammation of the symphysis pubis.
Epidemiology
It may account for accounts for 2% of hematogenous osteomyelitis and accounts for less than 1% of all bone infections.
Pathology
It can occur either secondarily to hematogenous bacterial implantation o...
Article
Sarcoidosis (musculoskeletal manifestations)
Musculoskeletal manifestations of sarcoidosis occur in ~20% (range 4-38%) of patients with sarcoidosis and include joint involvement, bone lesions, and muscular disease. Approximately 25% of patients with sarcoidosis have associated arthropathy.
Pathology
joints: joint involvement in sarcoido...
Article
Facet joint arthropathy
Facet joint arthropathy (also known as facet joint arthrosis) is a common cause of low back pain and is most commonly due to osteoarthritis. It occurs from facet joint chondral loss, osteophyte formation and hypertrophy of the articular processes that may cause spinal canal stenosis in severe ca...
Article
Sprengel deformity
Sprengel deformity, or congenital elevation of the scapula, is a complex deformity of the shoulder and is the most common congenital shoulder abnormality. An initial diagnosis can often be made on radiographs, but CT or MRI is often necessary to evaluate the details of the abnormality.
Epidemio...
Article
Floating knee
Floating knees occur when there are ipsilateral fractures of both femoral and tibial shafts. These are relatively rare injuries with reported poor outcomes.
Clinical presentation
The usual presentation is a combined closed midshaft femoral fracture and open midshaft tibial fracture. Vascular i...
Article
Spondylolysis
Spondylolysis, commonly known as pars interarticularis defect or pars defect, is a defect in the pars interarticularis, the portion of the vertebral neural arch that connects the superior and inferior articular facets.
Epidemiology
Spondylolysis is present in ~5% of the population 2 and higher...
Article
AO/OTA classification of distal femur fractures
The AO/OTA classification of distal femoral fractures is a commonly used fracture classification system in orthopedic trauma.
Classification
In the AO/OTA classification system, the distal femur system's prefix is 33, indicating the femur (3) and the distal portion of the femur (3) 1. Each lo...
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