Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
16,879 results found
Article
Pancreas transplant
A pancreas transplant is a major surgical procedure in which a donor pancreas is transplanted into a recipient. The donor pancreas is typically cadaveric, but may rarely be a segment from a living donor 1. The transplant is meant to establish normoglycemia in patients with diabetes mellitus, typ...
Article
Knee capsule
The knee capsule is a dual-layered structure that surrounds the knee joint. It is relatively thin anteriorly and posteriorly and thickened laterally by the collateral ligaments.
Gross anatomy
The outer layer of the knee capsule consists of fibrous connective tissue to hold the joint in place,...
Article
Normal lower limb imaging examples
This page lists examples of normal imaging of the lower limb, divided by region and modality.
Pelvic girdle
plain radiograph
pelvis
example 1: frontal
example 2: pediatric
example 3: pediatric (9 months, 11 months, and older child)
example 4: trauma supine
example 5: frontal (female)
ex...
Article
Subtalar joint
The subtalar joint may refer to one or two articulations:
the anatomical subtalar joint: posterior talocalcaneal articulation
the clinical subtalar joint: posterior talocalcaneal articulation and talonavicular joints
Please see the main articles for further descriptions of the separate joints...
Article
Myelomeningocele
Myelomeningocele, also known as spina bifida cystica, is a complex congenital spinal anomaly that results in spinal cord malformation (myelodysplasia).
Epidemiology
It is one of the most common congenital CNS anomalies and is thought to occur in approximately 1:500 of live births 5. There may...
Article
Acetabular dysplasia
Acetabular dysplasia is referred to as a shallow acetabulum, not being able to provide sufficient coverage for the femoral head and thus leading to instability of the hip joint.
Terminology
Acetabular dysplasia is a form of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) often referred to in the adol...
Article
Hoffa fat pad ganglion cyst
Hoffa fat pad ganglion cysts are intra-articular ganglion cysts and are the most common mass-like lesions within the Hoffa fat pad.
Epidemiology
Hoffa fat pad ganglion cysts are rare and less common than cruciate ligament ganglion cysts 1,2.
Clinical presentation
Ganglia within Hoffa’s fat p...
Article
Flashlight sign (B-flow)
The flashlight sign is a B-flow vascular ultrasound sign caused by wall adherent and floating thrombi and emboli in arteries, which appear as bright spots on imaging.
Radiographic features
Ultrasound
The flashlight sign is described as a moving, very bright intraluminal focus of signal on B-f...
Article
Arterial vasocorona
The arterial vasocorona is part of the spinal cord blood supply and is formed by pial anastomoses between the anterior and posterior spinal arteries on the surface of the spinal cord. It encircles the cord and supplies the peripheral lateral aspect of the spinal cord.
Engorgement of arterial v...
Article
Traumatic pneumatocoele
A traumatic pneumatocoele is caused by a compression-decompression force which causes a burst injury. Elastic recoil creates a cavity which may contain gas and blood.
Terminology
Traumatic pneumatocele is synonymous with pulmonary laceration.
Epidemiology
They tend to occur in children and ...
Article
Petersen hernia
Petersen hernias are internal hernias which occur in the potential space posterior to a gastrojejunostomy. This is herniation of intestinal loops through the defect between the small bowel limbs, the transverse mesocolon, and the retroperitoneum, after any type of gastrojejunostomy. The laparosc...
Article
Retroperitoneum
The retroperitoneum is the part of the abdominal cavity that lies between the posterior parietal peritoneum anteriorly and the posterior abdominal wall 4. It is C-shaped on axial cross-section with convexity projecting anteriorly in the mid-line.
Gross anatomy
The retroperitoneum is variably ...
Article
Craniotomy
A craniotomy is a surgical procedure where a piece of calvarial bone is removed to allow intracranial exposure. The bone flap is replaced at the end of the procedure, usually secured with microplates and screws. If the bone flap is not replaced it is either a craniectomy (bone removed) or cranio...
Article
Maffucci syndrome
Maffucci syndrome is a congenital nonhereditary, sporadic, mesodermal dysplasia characterized by multiple enchondromas with soft-tissue venous malformations and/or spindle-cell hemangiomas 6,7, generally caused by somatic mutations in IDH1 or IDH2 6.
On imaging, it is usually portrayed by a sho...
Article
Solitary fibrous tumor of the thorax
Solitary fibrous tumors of the thorax are rare pleural-based tumors that account for <5% of all primary pleural tumors 16. While their behavior is variable, they are typically indolent, benign-behaving tumors. Locally aggressive features with malignant transformation, into undifferentiated sarco...
Article
Transitional cell carcinoma (urinary bladder)
Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), also called urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC) of the bladder, is the most common primary neoplasm of the urinary bladder, and bladder TCC is the most common tumor of the entire urinary system.
This article concerns itself with transitional cell carcinomas of the...
Article
Spontaneous rupture of the renal pelvis
Spontaneous rupture of the renal pelvis, also known as pyelosinus backflow, is a rare complication that can occasionally occur with obstructive urolithiasis (usually in the distal third of the ureter) or occasionally infection 1. Leakage of urine can result in a urinoma, and there is an increase...
Article
Desmoid tumor
Desmoid tumors are benign, non-inflammatory fibroblastic tumors with a tendency for local invasion and recurrence post resection. They are sometimes considered a locally aggressive proliferative disease within the family of soft-tissue sarcomas but, metastasis is uncommon 7,11.
Terminology
Th...
Article
Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a metabolic bone disease characterized by decreased bone mass and skeletal fragility.
The World Health Organization (WHO) operationally defines osteoporosis as a bone mineral density T-score less than -2.5 SD (more than 2.5 standard deviations under the young-adult mean), which ...
Article
MRI in patients with pacemaker systems
MRI in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIED) has increasingly become a requirement in radiological departments 1-8. Especially in the setting of patients with MR conditional pacemaker systems, where all the manufacturer's instructions are followed and a standardized institu...
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