Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
747 results found
Article
Fetal ascites
Fetal ascites refers to the accumulation of free fluid in the fetal abdomen. It is often considered under the same spectrum of hydrops fetalis.
Pathology
Etiology
any condition that results in hydrops fetalis
additional causes include
idiopathic
bowel perforation (e.g. meconium peritonitis...
Article
Mucoid impaction (lung)
Mucoid impaction, also referred to as mucus plugging, refers to airway filling by retained secretions. When the bronchi become dilated due to mucoid impaction, the term bronchocele can be used 6.
Pathology
Etiology
Mucoid impaction may result from either obstructive or non-obstructive causes,...
Article
Pituitary region mass with intrinsic high T1 signal
Pituitary region masses with intrinsic high T1 signal, also referred to as suprasellar hotspots, are relatively frequently encountered, and the presence of high T1 signal narrows the differential somewhat.
Differential diagnosis
The differential can be divided by the substance causing the T1 ...
Article
Developmental orbital cysts
Developmental orbital cysts correspond to a heterogeneous group of congenital orbital developmental anomalies with a cystic component, ranging from closed sacs lined by an ectodermal epithelium, such as epidermoid and dermoid, to neoplasms such as teratoma 1:
choristoma: benign tumors formed by...
Article
Transtentorial herniation
Transtentorial herniation is a type of cerebral herniation broadly divided into two major types based on the direction of herniation: downwards due to supratentorial mass effect and upward due to infratentorial mass effect.
Downward transtentorial herniation
Downward herniation occurs when the...
Article
Carotid pacemaker
Carotid pacemakers, also known as implantable carotid sinus stimulators, are devices that deliver activation energy, via carotid leads, to the carotid baroreceptors. This is sometimes offered for drug-resistant hypertension. The baroreceptors send signals to the brain and the signals are interpr...
Article
Middle ear tumors
There are a range of middle ear tumors, which are more likely to be benign than malignant.
Pathology
The three most common middle ear tumors are (not in any particular order as there are differences in the literature) 1-3:
tympanic paraganglioma
congenital cholesteatoma
middle ear schwann...
Article
Cerebral cortical T2 hyperintensity
Cerebral cortical T2 hyperintensity or gyriform T2 hyperintensity refers to curvilinear hyperintense signal involving the cerebral cortex on T2 weighted and FLAIR imaging.
The causes include:
developmental anomalies
focal cortical dysplasia
neoplastic
glioblastoma1
vascular thrombo-occlusi...
Article
Erosion of the odontoid process (differential)
Erosion of the odontoid peg can result from a number of pathological entities:
inflammatory arthropathy
rheumatoid arthritis: classic 1,2
systemic lupus erythematosus
crystal arthropathy
calcium pyrophosphate arthropathy (CPPD): relatively common
gout
non-inflammatory arthropathy: osteoar...
Article
Differential diagnosis of vascular calcification
The differential diagnosis of vascular calcification is very wide with many common and uncommon conditions.
Differential diagnosis
Common
aneurysm
atherosclerosis
end-stage renal failure 3
hemangioma; arteriovenous malformation
hyperparathyroidism, primary or secondary (renal osteodystrop...
Article
Fibrous lesions
The differential for fibrous lesions is wide and includes:
non-ossifying fibroma
fibrous dysplasia
osteofibrous dysplasia / adamantinoma
desmoplastic fibroma
fibromatoses, e.g.
plantar fibromatosis
palmar fibromatosis
malignant fibrous histiocytoma / fibrosarcoma
dermatofibrosarcoma p...
Article
Conditions involving skin and bone
There are many conditions that can involve both skin and bone.
osteolytic bone lesions
congenital
neurofibromatosis
basal cell nevus syndrome
angiodysplasias
acquired
scleroderma
rheumatoid arthritis
gout
leprosy
syphilis
actinomycosis
langerhans cell histiocytosis
sarcoidosis
mas...
Article
Empyema
Empyemas are purulent inflammatory collections within a body cavity. Contrast this with abscesses, which arise within parenchymal tissue, rather than occupying a pre-existing anatomical space.
Terminology
Colloquially, the standalone term empyema is used to refer to thoracic empyemas but there...
Article
Generalized reduced hepatic echogenicity
Causes of generalized reduction of liver echogenicity on ultrasound include:
acute hepatitis
diffuse malignant infiltration
See also
generalized increase in liver echogenicity
hepatic attenuation on CT
Article
Cyanotic congenital heart disease
A number of entities can present as cyanotic congenital heart disease. These can be divided into those with increased (pulmonary plethora) or decreased pulmonary vascularity:
increased pulmonary vascularity
total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR) (types I and II)
transposition of the ...
Article
Cystic lung disease
Cystic lung disease is an umbrella term used to group the conditions coursing with multiple lung cysts.
Clinical presentation
The clinical presentation is an important clue to the differential diagnosis of cystic lung diseases 12.
Diseases that present with insidious dyspnea or spontaneous p...
Article
Spinal metastasis
Spinal metastasis is a vague term that can be variably taken to refer to metastatic disease to any of the following:
vertebral metastases (94%)
may have epidural extension
intradural extramedullary metastases (5%)
intramedullary metastases (1%)
Each of these are discussed separately. Below ...
Article
Cytotoxic lesions of the corpus callosum (CLOCCs)
Cytotoxic lesions of the corpus callosum (CLOCCs) represent a collection of disparate conditions that can cause signal change in the corpus callosum, usually involving the splenium.
Terminology
The term cytotoxic lesions of the corpus callosum (CLOCCs) has been proposed 12 as a more precise d...
Article
Miliary opacities (lungs)
The term miliary opacities refers to innumerable, small 1-4 mm pulmonary nodules scattered throughout the lungs. It is useful to divide these patients into those who are febrile and those who are not.
Additionally, some miliary opacities are very dense, narrowing the differential - see multiple...
Article
Hypotelorism
Hypotelorism refers to an abnormal decrease in distance between any two organs although some authors use the term synonymously with orbital hypotelorism meaning an abnormal decrease in the distance between the two eyes (the eyes appear too close together). The article mainly focuses on the latte...
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