Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
2,953 results found
Article
Eccentric target sign (cerebral toxoplasmosis)
The eccentric target sign is considered pathognomonic for cerebral toxoplasmosis. It is seen on postcontrast MRI/CT as a ring enhancing lesion with an eccentrically located enhancing mural nodule. It is believed that this mural nodule is an extension from the abscess wall itself with inflamed ve...
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Pineal region (an approach)
A systematic approach to the pineal region is crucial as it is at the confluence of many intracranial structures/regions and is the site of origin of a number of unique pathologies as well as playing host to many entities which are more frequently encountered elsewhere. As such an understanding ...
Article
Laser interstitial thermal therapy
Laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) or focal laser ablation is a surgical technique for selective ablation of a lesion or tissue using laser-generated heat. Compared to other minimally invasive techniques such as radiofrequency, microwave, or cryoablation, lasers are able to create a more ...
Article
Biotin deficiency
Biotin deficiency is very rare. Biotin is a vitamin which acts as an enzymatic cofactor with a key role in energy production and the synthesis of fats. Biotin is present in a diverse range of cereals, nuts, seeds and eggs. Hence, true deficiency is unusual. It has been observed in the following ...
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Superior temporal sulcus
The superior temporal sulcus runs longitudinally along the lateral surface of the temporal lobe, parallel to the Sylvian fissure above and the inferior temporal sulcus below. It separates the superior temporal gyrus from the middle temporal gyrus.
Posteriorly it is capped by the angular gyrus.
Article
Inferior temporal sulcus
The inferior temporal sulcus runs longitudinally along the inferolateral surface of the temporal lobe, parallel to the superior temporal sulcus above. It separates the middle temporal gyrus from the inferior temporal gyrus below.
Article
Microcephaly
Microcephaly (plural: microcephalies) is a descriptive term meaning a small head associated with numerous disorders of diverse etiology. It is usually associated with microencephaly (plural: microencephalies) (small brain). For the purpose of this article, the two terms will be used interchangea...
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Christmas inspired signs
There are many signs in radiology that are related to Christmas:
snowcap sign in avascular necrosis
snowman sign
in total anomalous pulmonary venous return
in pituitary macroadenomas
snowstorm appearance in complete hydatidiform and testicular microlithiasis
holly leaf sign in calcified pl...
Article
Extradural neural axis compartment
Extradural neural axis compartment (EDNAC) exists from the tip of the coccyx all the way to the back of the globe, and yet it is relatively unknown as a concept. It is bounded externally by the periosteum of the vertebrae and sacrum inferiorly and the skull superiorly, and the visceral (meningea...
Article
Caput medusae sign (developmental venous anomaly)
The caput medusae sign also sometimes known as a palm tree sign refers to developmental venous anomalies of the brain, where a number of veins converge centrally into a single draining vein.
The sign is seen on both CT and MRI when contrast medium is administered. Angiographically the caput me...
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Flame sign (carotid)
The flame sign refers to a gradual tapering of contrast opacification in the mid-cervical internal carotid artery, sparing the carotid bulb. The sign can be observed on angiography (digital subtraction angiography 1, CT angiography 1, or contrast-enhanced MR angiography 2) in either of two scena...
Article
Perivascular spaces
Perivascular spaces, also known as Virchow-Robin spaces, are fluid-filled spaces that surround small arterioles, capillaries and venules in the brain. Those that surround perforating vessels are frequently seen on routine MRI imaging.
Despite having been described well over a century ago and se...
Article
Spinal meningioma
Meningiomas arising from the coverings of the spinal cord are one of the two most common intradural extramedullary spinal tumors, representing 25-30% of all such tumors 2.
This article specifically relates to spinal meningiomas. For a discussion on intracranial meningiomas and a general discus...
Article
Combined cerebral edema
Combined cerebral edema is a type of cerebral edema in which there is a mixed pattern of different types of cerebral edema (cytotoxic, vasogenic or osmotic).
It is usually associated with severe systemic damage, such as:
hypertensive crises
severe sepsis / severe inflammatory condition
hypox...
Article
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease
Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease, also known as hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN), refers to a heterogeneous group of inherited peripheral neuropathies rather than a single clinical entity 9.
Epidemiology
The prevalence of CMT in one Norwegian study was 82.3 cases per 100,000 peo...
Article
Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation
Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA), is a heterogeneous group of rare genetic disorders characterized by accumulation of iron in the basal ganglia, which results in variable neurological disorders including extrapyramidal symptoms, neuropsychiatric and visual symptoms.
Numerou...
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Chordoma
Chordomas are uncommon malignant tumors of the axial skeleton that account for 1% of intracranial tumors and 4% of all primary bone tumors.
They originate from embryonic remnants of the primitive notochord (earliest fetal axial skeleton, extending from the Rathke's pouch to the tip of the cocc...
Article
Neuroblastoma
Neuroblastomas are tumors of neuroblastic origin. Although they may occur anywhere along the sympathetic chain, the vast majority arise from the adrenal gland.
They represent the most common extracranial solid childhood malignancy and are the third commonest childhood tumor after leukemia and b...
Article
Diffuse pediatric-type high-grade gliomas, H3-wildtype and IDH-wildtype
Diffuse pediatric-type high-grade gliomas, H3-wildtype and IDH-wildtype are high-grade pediatric tumors included in the 5th Edition (2021) of the WHO brain tumor classification.
Terminology
Diffuse pediatric-type high-grade gliomas H3-wildtype and IDH-wildtype are classified among the "pediatr...
Article
External auditory canal atresia
External auditory canal atresia, also known as congenital aural atresia, is characterized by complete or incomplete bony atresia of the external auditory canal (EAC), often in association with a dysplastic auricle and an abnormal middle ear cavity or ossicles.
Epidemiology
The incidence is 1 i...
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