Acute myeloid leukemia
Updates to Article Attributes
Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), also referred to as acute myelogenous leukemia, is a haematological malignancy characterised by the abnormal clonal proliferation of immature myeloid precursors (myeloblasts) or poorly differentiated cells of the hematopoietic system. It primary infiltratedinfiltrates the bone marrow, but the disease can also extend to blood and other tissues.
Epidemiology
It is more common in middle-aged and elderly patients, with a median age of diagnosis at 70 years. The M:F rate varies from 1.1 in the 5th decade to about 1.8 in the 8th decade of life 2,3.
AML only account to ~20% of all childhood leukaemias, c.f. to acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), which represents ~80% of leukaemias at this age group 2.
It has been reported a solid ethnic component in the distribution of most types of AML, with a strong predominance among the white ethnicity group 2,3.
Clinical presentation
AML tends to present with vague and nonspecific symptoms such as fatigue and is most commonly revealed on full blood count tests, where anaemia, thrombocytopaenia, and/or neutropaenia are demonstrated 2,4.
Described symptoms associated with bone marrow failure include 4:
- fevers
- bleeding gums
- multiple ecchymoses
- dyspnea on exertion
- anginal chest pain
- refractory upper respiratory infection symptoms
Extramedullary leukemic infiltration can lead to organ-involved symptoms such as hepatosplenomegaly, leukemia cutis, lymphadenopathy, gingival hyperplasia, and neurological symptoms 4.
-<p><strong>Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML)</strong>, also referred to as <strong>acute myelogenous leukemia</strong>, is a haematological malignancy characterised by the abnormal clonal proliferation of immature myeloid precursors (myeloblasts) or poorly differentiated cells of the hematopoietic system. It primary infiltrated the bone marrow, but the disease can also extend to blood and other tissues.</p><p> </p>- +<p><strong>Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML)</strong>, also referred to as <strong>acute myelogenous leukemia</strong>, is a haematological malignancy characterised by the abnormal clonal proliferation of immature myeloid precursors (myeloblasts) or poorly differentiated cells of the hematopoietic system. It primary infiltrates the bone marrow, but the disease can also extend to blood and other tissues.</p><h4>Epidemiology</h4><p>It is more common in middle-aged and elderly patients, with a median age of diagnosis at 70 years. The M:F rate varies from 1.1 in the 5<sup>th</sup> decade to about 1.8 in the 8<sup>th</sup> decade of life <sup>2,3</sup>. </p><p>AML only account to ~20% of all childhood <a title="Leukaemia" href="/articles/leukaemia">leukaemias</a>, c.f. to <a href="/articles/acute-lymphoblastic-leukaemia">acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL)</a>, which represents ~80% of leukaemias at this age group <sup>2</sup>. </p><p>It has been reported a solid ethnic component in the distribution of most types of AML, with a strong predominance among the white ethnicity group <sup>2,3</sup>. </p><h4>Clinical presentation </h4><p>AML tends to present with vague and nonspecific symptoms such as fatigue and is most commonly revealed on full blood count tests, where anaemia, thrombocytopaenia, and/or neutropaenia are demonstrated <sup>2,4</sup>. </p><p>Described symptoms associated with bone marrow failure include <sup>4</sup>:</p><ul>
- +<li>fevers</li>
- +<li>bleeding gums</li>
- +<li>multiple ecchymoses</li>
- +<li>dyspnea on exertion</li>
- +<li>anginal chest pain</li>
- +<li>refractory upper respiratory infection symptoms</li>
- +</ul><p>Extramedullary leukemic infiltration can lead to organ-involved symptoms such as hepatosplenomegaly, leukemia cutis, <a title="Lymphadenopathy" href="/articles/lymph-node-enlargement">lymphadenopathy</a>, gingival hyperplasia, and neurological symptoms <sup>4</sup>.</p>
References changed:
- 1. Döhner H, Weisdorf D, Bloomfield C. Acute Myeloid Leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(12):1136-52. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1406184">doi:10.1056/NEJMra1406184</a> - <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26376137">Pubmed</a>
- 2. Khwaja A, Bjorkholm M, Gale R et al. Acute Myeloid Leukaemia. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2016;2(1):16010. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2016.10">doi:10.1038/nrdp.2016.10</a> - <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27159408">Pubmed</a>
- 3. Dores G, Devesa S, Curtis R, Linet M, Morton L. Acute Leukemia Incidence and Patient Survival Among Children and Adults in the United States, 2001-2007. Blood. 2012;119(1):34-43. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2011-04-347872">doi:10.1182/blood-2011-04-347872</a> - <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22086414">Pubmed</a>
- 4. Löwenberg B, Downing J, Burnett A. Acute Myeloid Leukemia. N Engl J Med. 1999;341(14):1051-62. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199909303411407">doi:10.1056/NEJM199909303411407</a> - <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10502596">Pubmed</a>
Systems changed:
- Haematology
- Oncology
Tags changed:
- rg_39_1_new
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