Alzheimer type II glia

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Alzheimer type II glia are a pathological reactive astrocyte seen in the brain, unrelated to Alzheimer's disease. They are seen most frequently in Wilson's disease, but also in other systemic metabolic disorders, particularly those with elevated ammonia levels, typically due to hepatic impairment but sometimes also seen in other causes of systemic metabolic impairment, such as impaired renal function ^1,2.

They are seen in grey matter, particularly deep grey matter nuclei (e.g. putamina, globus pallidi and dentate nuclei) ^1,2.

Pathology

Microscopically these reactive astrocytes demonstrate enlarged pale nuclei, due to inconspicuous chromatin granules, with one or two sharply demarcated PAS-positive bodies adjacent to the nuclear membrane ¹. GFAP staining of the cell body is poor ².

On electron microscopy numerous mitochondria are evident ¹.

-Alzheimer type II glia are a pathological reactive astrocyte seen in the brain, unrelated to <a title="Alzheimer's disease" href="/articles/alzheimer-disease-1">Alzheimer's disease</a>. They are seen most frequently in <a title="Wilson's disease" href="/articles/wilson-disease-2">Wilson's disease</a>, but also in other systemic metabolic disorders, particularly those with elevated ammonia levels, typically due to hepatic impairment but sometimes also seen in other causes of systemic metabolic impairment, such as impaired renal function 1,2. They are seen in grey matter, particularly deep grey matter nuclei (e.g. <a title="Putamen" href="/articles/putamen">putamina</a>, <a title="Globus pallidus" href="/articles/globus-pallidus">globus</a><a title="Globus pallidus" href="/articles/globus-pallidus"> </a><a title="Globus pallidus" href="/articles/globus-pallidus">pallidi</a> and <a title="Dentate nucleus" href="/articles/dentate-nucleus">dentate nuclei</a>) 1,2. <h4>Pathology</h4>Microscopically these reactive astrocytes demonstrate enlarged pale nuclei, due to inconspicuous chromatin granules, with one or two sharply demarcated PAS-positive bodies adjacent to the nuclear membrane 1. GFAP staining of the cell body is poor 2. On electron microscopy numerous mitochondria are evident 1. <h4>See also</h4><ul><li>Alzheimer type I glia</li></ul>
+Alzheimer type II glia are a pathological reactive astrocyte seen in the brain, unrelated to <a href="/articles/alzheimer-disease-1">Alzheimer's disease</a>. They are seen most frequently in <a href="/articles/wilson-disease-2">Wilson's disease</a>, but also in other systemic metabolic disorders, particularly those with elevated ammonia levels, typically due to hepatic impairment but sometimes also seen in other causes of systemic metabolic impairment, such as impaired renal function 1,2. They are seen in grey matter, particularly deep grey matter nuclei (e.g. <a href="/articles/putamen">putamina</a>, <a href="/articles/globus-pallidus">globus</a><a href="/articles/globus-pallidus"> </a><a href="/articles/globus-pallidus">pallidi</a> and <a href="/articles/dentate-nucleus">dentate nuclei</a>) 1,2. <h4>Pathology</h4>Microscopically these reactive astrocytes demonstrate enlarged pale nuclei, due to inconspicuous chromatin granules, with one or two sharply demarcated PAS-positive bodies adjacent to the nuclear membrane 1. GFAP staining of the cell body is poor 2. On electron microscopy numerous mitochondria are evident 1. <h4>See also</h4><ul><li><a title="Alzheimer type I glia" href="/articles/alzheimer-type-i-glia">Alzheimer type I glia</a></li></ul>

References changed:

1. Frangoise Gray, Charles Duyckaerts, Umberto De Girolami. Escourolle and Poirier's Manual of Basic Neuropathology. <a href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?vid=ISBN9780199929054">ISBN: 9780199929054</a>
2. Margaret Esiri, Waney Squier, Daniel Perl. Oppenheimer's Diagnostic Neuropathology. <a href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?vid=ISBN9780340815601">ISBN: 9780340815601</a>

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