Cardiac conduction devices
- Philips Australia, Paid speaker at Philips Spectral CT events (ongoing)
Updates to Article Attributes
Implantable cardiac conduction devices (also known as cardiac implantable electronic devices or CIEDs)are a very common medical device of the thorax, with over one million implanted in the United States of America alone.
There are two major types of cardiac conduction devices: pacemakers pacemakers and automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (AICD/ICD), and these may be co-implanted as an ICD-pacemaker combination. Both have two major components:
pulse generator (battery pack and control unit): most commonly placed subcutaneously in the infraclavicular area
lead wires with electrodes for contact with the endocardium or myocardium
Some models have an antenna to transmit data wirelessly, this should not be confused with a lead disconnection or fracture 8.
Pacemakers
Cardiac pacemakers may be temporary or permanent, with the latter commonly known by the acronym PPM (permanent pacemaker).
Categorisation depends on the number of electrodes and location of pacing 7:
single chamber cardiac pacers: lead terminates in the right ventricle
dual chamber cardiac pacers: leads terminate in the right atrial appendage and right ventricular apex
biventricular pacers: also known as cardiac resynchronisation therapy,
aa normal dual chamber system with an additional lead that is introduced along the coronary sinus and wedged in a left ventricular cardiac vein overlying the left ventricleepicardial biventricular pacers: epicardial wires are usually placed during cardiac surgery and tend to be placed over the left ventricular apex, right atrial appendage, and right ventricular apex
leadless cardiac pacers: implanted into the right ventricle with no leads, introduced in 2015 (should not be mistaken for loop recorders)
Automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillators
AICDsare common cardiac devices designed for both patient monitoring and therapy in case of ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation. AICDs AICDs consist of various combinations of sensing and shocking electrodes. They are frequently combined with a pacemaker as a bundled system for the patient, treating both the patient’s established arrhythmia and also acting as a fail-safe system should ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia occur.
Some types of AICD have leads that are implanted in the subcutaneous soft tissues (i.e. outside the thoracic cavity) 5.
Complications
Complications can be early or late, and procedure-related or device-related 6.
Early or late
infection
myocardial perforation
device malfunction
pacemaker syndrome
Early
pneumothorax: one of the more common early complications, particularly when subclavian access is used (incidence of ~2% 6)
Late
pocket erosion
"subclavian crush" syndrome
lead fracture
pectoral muscle, intercostal, or diaphragm stimulation
thrombosis: within access vein, inferior vena cava, right atrium
Differential diagnosis
-<p>Implantable<strong> cardiac conduction devices</strong> (also known as <strong>cardiac implantable electronic devices </strong>or <strong>CIEDs</strong>)<strong> </strong>are a very common <a href="/articles/medical-devices-in-the-thorax">medical device of the thorax</a>, with over one million implanted in the United States of America alone.</p><p>There are two major types of cardiac conduction devices: pacemakers and automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (AICD/ICD), and these may be co-implanted as an ICD-pacemaker combination. Both have two major components:</p><ol>- +<p>Implantable<strong> cardiac conduction devices</strong> (also known as <strong>cardiac implantable electronic devices </strong>or <strong>CIEDs</strong>)<strong> </strong>are a very common <a href="/articles/medical-devices-in-the-thorax">medical device of the thorax</a>, with over one million implanted in the United States of America alone.</p><p>There are two major types of cardiac conduction devices: pacemakers and automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (AICD/ICD), and these may be co-implanted as an ICD-pacemaker combination. Both have two major components:</p><ol>
-</ol><p>Some models have an antenna to transmit data wirelessly, this should not be confused with a lead disconnection or fracture <sup>8</sup>. </p><h5>Pacemakers</h5><p>Cardiac pacemakers may be temporary or permanent, with the latter commonly known by the acronym PPM (permanent pacemaker). </p><p>Categorisation depends on the number of electrodes and location of pacing <sup>7</sup>:</p><ul>- +</ol><p>Some models have an antenna to transmit data wirelessly, this should not be confused with a lead disconnection or fracture <sup>8</sup>. </p><h5>Pacemakers</h5><p>Cardiac pacemakers may be temporary or permanent, with the latter commonly known by the acronym PPM (permanent pacemaker). </p><p>Categorisation depends on the number of electrodes and location of pacing <sup>7</sup>:</p><ul>
-<li><p><a href="/articles/biventricular-cardiac-pacemaker-1">biventricular pacers</a>: also known as cardiac resynchronisation therapy, a normal dual chamber system with an additional lead that is introduced along the <a href="/articles/coronary-sinus">coronary sinus</a> and wedged in a left ventricular cardiac vein overlying the left ventricle</p></li>- +<li><p><a href="/articles/biventricular-cardiac-pacemaker-1">biventricular pacers</a>: also known as cardiac resynchronisation therapy, a normal dual chamber system with an additional lead that is introduced along the <a href="/articles/coronary-sinus">coronary sinus</a> and wedged in a left ventricular cardiac vein overlying the left ventricle</p></li>
-</ul><h5>Automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillators</h5><p>AICDs<strong> </strong>are common cardiac devices designed for both patient monitoring and therapy in case of ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation. AICDs consist of various combinations of sensing and shocking electrodes. They are frequently combined with a pacemaker as a bundled system for the patient, treating both the patient’s established arrhythmia and also acting as a fail-safe system should ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia occur.</p><p>Some types of AICD have leads that are implanted in the subcutaneous soft tissues (i.e. outside the thoracic cavity) <sup>5</sup>. </p><h4>Complications</h4><p>Complications can be early or late, and procedure-related or device-related <sup>6</sup>.</p><h5>Early or late</h5><ul>- +</ul><h5>Automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillators</h5><p>AICDs<strong> </strong>are common cardiac devices designed for both patient monitoring and therapy in case of ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation. AICDs consist of various combinations of sensing and shocking electrodes. They are frequently combined with a pacemaker as a bundled system for the patient, treating both the patient’s established arrhythmia and also acting as a fail-safe system should ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia occur.</p><p>Some types of AICD have leads that are implanted in the subcutaneous soft tissues (i.e. outside the thoracic cavity) <sup>5</sup>. </p><h4>Complications</h4><p>Complications can be early or late, and procedure-related or device-related <sup>6</sup>.</p><h5>Early or late</h5><ul>
Image 26 X-ray (Frontal) ( create )
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