Distal intersection syndrome
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- updated 10 May 2022:
Nothing to disclose
Updates to Article Attributes
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was changed:
The distal intersection syndrome relates to tenosynovitis of the extensor pollicis longus (EPL) tendon (3rd extensor compartment), where it crosses the extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL) and brevis (ECRB) tendons (2nd extensor compartment) 1. It is distinct from intersection syndrome which occurs more proximally in the forearm at the intersection of the first and second extensor compartments.
Anatomy
The crossing of the second extensor compartment is typically located just distal to Lister’s tubercle. The tendon sheaths of the EPL and the ECRB are connected by a communicating foramen 2. This is probably why inflammation of the EPL tendon spreads to the second compartment or vice versa.
Clinical presentation
Pain and swelling over Lister’s tubercle. Less commonly, local crepitus during thumb movements.
Pathology
EtiologyAetiology
Various mechanisms, including:
- attrition is related to a biomechanical pulley effect by Lister’s tubercle (overuse syndrome)
- direct blunt trauma of the EPL tendon
- distal (not necessarily displaced) radius fracture
Trauma is the most frequent cause. EPL tenosynovitis usually occurs within 8 weeks, but can still be found years after an injury.
Risk factors
- rheumatoid arthritis
- systemic lupus erythematosus
- gout
- degenerative carpal joint disease
Radiographic features
Ultrasound
May show peritendinous edemaoedema and fluid within the tendon sheaths at the intersection point between the 2nd and 3rd dorsal extensor tendon compartments 6.
MRI
Typically shows features of peritendinous edemaoedema (peritendinitis) around the 2nd and 3rd extensor compartment tendons, extending proximally from the crossover point of the EPL in the dorsal wrist.
Treatment and prognosis
An early operative release is advocated due to a high risk of EPL tendon rupture (drummer boy’s palsy) 3.
Differential diagnosis
On imaging consider:
-<p>The<strong> distal intersection syndrome</strong> relates to tenosynovitis of the <a href="/articles/extensor-pollicis-longus-muscle">extensor pollicis longus</a> (EPL) tendon (3<sup>rd</sup> extensor compartment), where it crosses the <a href="/articles/extensor-carpi-radialis-longus-muscle">extensor carpi radialis longus</a> (ECRL) and <a href="/articles/extensor-carpi-radialis-brevis-muscle">brevis</a> (ECRB) tendons (2<sup>nd</sup> extensor compartment) <sup>1</sup>. It is distinct from <a href="/articles/proximal-intersection-syndrome">intersection syndrome</a> which occurs more proximally in the forearm at the intersection of the first and second <a href="/articles/extensor-compartments-of-the-wrist">extensor compartments</a>. </p><h4>Anatomy</h4><p>The crossing of the second extensor compartment is typically located just distal to <a href="/articles/lister-tubercle">Lister’s tubercle</a>. The tendon sheaths of the EPL and the ECRB are connected by a communicating foramen <sup>2</sup>. This is probably why inflammation of the EPL tendon spreads to the second compartment or vice versa.</p><h4>Clinical presentation</h4><p>Pain and swelling over Lister’s tubercle. Less commonly, local crepitus during thumb movements.</p><h4>Pathology</h4><h5>Etiology</h5><p>Various mechanisms, including:</p><ul>-<li>attrition is related to a biomechanical pulley effect by Lister’s tubercle (overuse syndrome)</li>-<li>direct blunt trauma of the EPL tendon</li>-<li>distal (not necessarily displaced) radius fracture</li>-</ul><p>Trauma is the most frequent cause. EPL tenosynovitis usually occurs within 8 weeks, but can still be found years after an injury.</p><h5>Risk factors</h5><ul>-<li><a href="/articles/rheumatoid-arthritis">rheumatoid arthritis</a></li>-<li><a href="/articles/systemic-lupus-erythematosus">systemic lupus erythematosus</a></li>-<li><a href="/articles/gout">gout</a></li>-<li>degenerative carpal joint disease</li>-</ul><h4>Radiographic features</h4><h5>Ultrasound</h5><p>May show peritendinous edema and fluid within the tendon sheaths at the intersection point between the 2<sup>nd</sup> and 3<sup>rd</sup> dorsal extensor tendon compartments <sup>6</sup>.</p><h5>MRI</h5><p>Typically shows features of peritendinous edema (peritendinitis) around the 2<sup>nd</sup> and 3<sup>rd</sup> extensor compartment tendons, extending proximally from the crossover point of the EPL in the dorsal wrist.</p><h4>Treatment and prognosis</h4><p>An early operative release is advocated due to a high risk of EPL tendon rupture (<a href="/articles/drummer-boy-s-palsy">drummer boy’s palsy</a>) <sup>3</sup>.</p><h4>Differential diagnosis</h4><p>On imaging consider:</p><ul>-<li><a href="/articles/de-quervain-tenosynovitis">de Quervain tenosynovitis</a></li>-<li><a href="/articles/proximal-intersection-syndrome">proximal intersection syndrome</a></li>- +<p>The<strong> distal intersection syndrome</strong> relates to tenosynovitis of the <a href="/articles/extensor-pollicis-longus-muscle">extensor pollicis longus</a> (EPL) tendon (3<sup>rd</sup> extensor compartment), where it crosses the <a href="/articles/extensor-carpi-radialis-longus-muscle">extensor carpi radialis longus</a> (ECRL) and <a href="/articles/extensor-carpi-radialis-brevis-muscle">brevis</a> (ECRB) tendons (2<sup>nd</sup> extensor compartment) <sup>1</sup>. It is distinct from <a href="/articles/proximal-intersection-syndrome">intersection syndrome</a> which occurs more proximally in the forearm at the intersection of the first and second <a href="/articles/extensor-compartments-of-the-wrist">extensor compartments</a>. </p><h4>Anatomy</h4><p>The crossing of the second extensor compartment is typically located just distal to <a href="/articles/lister-tubercle">Lister’s tubercle</a>. The tendon sheaths of the EPL and the ECRB are connected by a communicating foramen <sup>2</sup>. This is probably why inflammation of the EPL tendon spreads to the second compartment or vice versa.</p><h4>Clinical presentation</h4><p>Pain and swelling over Lister’s tubercle. Less commonly, local crepitus during thumb movements.</p><h4>Pathology</h4><h5>Aetiology</h5><p>Various mechanisms, including:</p><ul>
- +<li>attrition is related to a biomechanical pulley effect by Lister’s tubercle (overuse syndrome)</li>
- +<li>direct blunt trauma of the EPL tendon</li>
- +<li>distal (not necessarily displaced) radius fracture</li>
- +</ul><p>Trauma is the most frequent cause. EPL tenosynovitis usually occurs within 8 weeks, but can still be found years after an injury.</p><h5>Risk factors</h5><ul>
- +<li><a href="/articles/rheumatoid-arthritis">rheumatoid arthritis</a></li>
- +<li><a href="/articles/systemic-lupus-erythematosus">systemic lupus erythematosus</a></li>
- +<li><a href="/articles/gout">gout</a></li>
- +<li>degenerative carpal joint disease</li>
- +</ul><h4>Radiographic features</h4><h5>Ultrasound</h5><p>May show peritendinous oedema and fluid within the tendon sheaths at the intersection point between the 2<sup>nd</sup> and 3<sup>rd</sup> dorsal extensor tendon compartments <sup>6</sup>.</p><h5>MRI</h5><p>Typically shows features of peritendinous oedema (peritendinitis) around the 2<sup>nd</sup> and 3<sup>rd</sup> extensor compartment tendons, extending proximally from the crossover point of the EPL in the dorsal wrist.</p><h4>Treatment and prognosis</h4><p>An early operative release is advocated due to a high risk of EPL tendon rupture (<a href="/articles/drummer-boy-s-palsy">drummer boy’s palsy</a>) <sup>3</sup>.</p><h4>Differential diagnosis</h4><p>On imaging consider:</p><ul>
- +<li><a href="/articles/de-quervain-tenosynovitis">de Quervain tenosynovitis</a></li>
- +<li><a href="/articles/proximal-intersection-syndrome">proximal intersection syndrome</a></li>
References changed:
- 8. Sunagawa T, Dohi D, Shinomiya R. Distal Intersection Syndrome Combined With Partial Attritional Changes of the Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis in Tennis Players. Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online. 2021;3(4):224-7. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsg.2021.04.005">doi:10.1016/j.jhsg.2021.04.005</a> - <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35415554">Pubmed</a>
Images Changes:
Image 13 MRI (PD fat sat) ( create )
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