Epilepsy
Updates to Article Attributes
Body
was changed:
Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder of varying presentations butthat has varied presentation, and requires two or more unprovoked seizures at least 24 hours apart for diagnosis. MRI is the modality of choice for the investigationepilepsy, most often investigating for an underlying cause, especially in adults.
Epidemiology
Epilepsy is very common, with ~3% of epilepsythe population affected at some point in their life 1,5.
Pathology
Epilepsy syndromes can be generally divided into two broad categories 1,5:
- generalised, e.g. absence epilepsy, tonic-clonic, myoclonic
-
partial (localisation-related), can progress to generalised
- temporal lobe epilepsy
- extratemporal epilepsy
Aetiology
There is a wide range of causes, however, in adults with new onset of seizures around 50~50% will not have a determinable cause 1-4-5. The International League Against Epilepsy (ILAT) have proposed the following classification 6:
-
idiopathic:
early onset in childhood/adolescence of well-defined syndromesepilepsy due to an underlying single gene condition or complex inheritance (seizures as the only manifestation) - cryptogenic: unknown cause
-
remote symptomaticprovoked epilepsy:pre-existing condition that increases the risk of seizuree.g. secondary to fevers, head trauma, drug-induced -
predominantly genetic/developmental causation
-
extratemporalchildhood epilepsy syndromes - progressive myoclonic epilepsy
-
neurocutaneous syndromes, e.g. tuberous sclerosis
),vascular malformations -
temporal lobe epilepsy,meningoencephalocoeles, plus lesions listed above -
focal epileptogenic lesions (may be temporal or extratemporal)-
tumours, e.g.gangliogliomas,DNET,PXA, low-grade gliomas - developmental cortical abnormalities, e.g. focal cortical dysplasia, gray matter heterotopia
-
-
predominantly acquired
- stroke, cerebral palsy, bacteria/viral meningitis, traumatic brain injury, vascular malformations
- mesial temporal sclerosis, meningoencephalocoeles
- tumours, e.g. gangliogliomas, DNET, PXA, low-grade gliomas
Radiographic features
MRI
MRI is the modality of choice. Please see articles on specific conditions listed above for imaging features. There are a number of MRI protocols that can be used to investigate patients with seizures.
-
-<p><strong>Epilepsy</strong> is a common neurological disorder of varying presentations but requires two or more unprovoked seizures at least 24 hours apart. MRI is the modality of choice for the investigation of epilepsy. </p><h4>Pathology</h4><h5>Aetiology</h5><p>There is a wide range of causes, however, in adults with new onset of seizures around 50% will not have a determinable cause <sup>1-4</sup>:</p><ul>- +<p><strong>Epilepsy</strong> is a common neurological disorder that has varied presentation, and requires two or more unprovoked seizures at least 24 hours apart for diagnosis. MRI is the modality of choice for epilepsy, most often investigating for an underlying cause, especially in adults. </p><h4>Epidemiology</h4><p>Epilepsy is very common, with ~3% of the population affected at some point in their life <sup>1,5</sup>. </p><h4>Pathology</h4><p>Epilepsy syndromes can be generally divided into two broad categories 1,5:</p><ul>
- +<li>generalised, e.g. absence epilepsy, tonic-clonic, myoclonic</li>
- +<li>partial (localisation-related), can progress to generalised<ul>
- +<li><a href="/articles/temporal-lobe-epilepsy">temporal lobe epilepsy</a></li>
- +<li>extratemporal epilepsy</li>
- +</ul>
- +</li>
- +</ul><h5>Aetiology</h5><p>There is a wide range of causes, however, in adults with new onset of seizures ~50% will not have a determinable cause <sup>1-5</sup>. The International League Against Epilepsy (ILAT) have proposed the following classification <sup>6</sup>:</p><ul>
-<strong>idiopathic</strong>: early onset in childhood/adolescence of well-defined syndromes</li>- +<strong>idiopathic</strong>: <strong></strong>epilepsy due to an underlying single gene condition or complex inheritance (seizures as the only manifestation)</li>
-<strong>remote symptomatic</strong>: pre-existing condition that increases the risk of seizure<ul>-<li>extratemporal epilepsy, e.g. <a title="stroke" href="/articles/stroke">stroke</a>, <a title="cerebral palsy" href="/articles/cerebral-palsy">cerebral palsy</a>, bacteria/viral <a title="Meningitis" href="/articles/leptomeningitis">meningitis</a>, <a title="traumatic brain injury" href="/articles/traumatic-brain-injury">traumatic brain injury</a>, genetic syndromes (e.g. <a title="Tuberous sclerosis" href="/articles/tuberous-sclerosis">tuberous sclerosis</a>), <a title="Cerebral vascular malformations" href="/articles/cerebral-vascular-malformations">vascular malformations</a>-</li>- +<strong>provoked epilepsy</strong>: e.g. secondary to fevers, head trauma, drug-induced</li>
-<a title="Temporal lobe epilepsy" href="/articles/temporal-lobe-epilepsy">temporal lobe epilepsy</a>, e.g. <a title="Mesial temporal sclerosis" href="/articles/mesial-temporal-sclerosis">mesial temporal sclerosis</a>, <a title="meningoencephalocoeles" href="/articles/meningoencephalocoeles">meningoencephalocoeles</a>, plus lesions listed above</li>-<li>focal epileptogenic lesions (may be temporal or extratemporal)<ul>-<li>tumours, e.g. <a title="Gangliogliomas" href="/articles/ganglioglioma">gangliogliomas</a>, <a title="Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumours (DNET)'s" href="/articles/dysembryoplastic-neuroepithelial-tumour">DNET</a>, <a title="Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (PXA)" href="/articles/pleomorphic-xanthoastrocytoma">PXA</a>, low-grade gliomas</li>-<li>developmental, e.g. <a title="Focal cortical dysplasia" href="/articles/focal-cortical-dysplasia">focal cortical dysplasia</a>, <a title="Gray matter heterotopias" href="/articles/grey-matter-heterotopia">gray matter heterotopia</a>- +<strong>predominantly genetic/developmental causation</strong><ul>
- +<li>childhood epilepsy syndromes</li>
- +<li>progressive myoclonic epilepsy</li>
- +<li>neurocutaneous syndromes, e.g. <a href="/articles/tuberous-sclerosis">tuberous sclerosis</a>
- +</li>
- +<li>chromosomal disorders, e.g. <a href="/articles/down-syndrome">Down syndrome</a>
- +</li>
- +<li>single gene disorders</li>
- +<li>developmental cortical abnormalities, e.g. <a href="/articles/focal-cortical-dysplasia">focal cortical dysplasia</a>, <a href="/articles/grey-matter-heterotopia">gray matter heterotopia</a>
- +<li>
- +<strong>predominantly acquired</strong><ul>
- +<li>
- +<a href="/articles/stroke">stroke</a>, <a href="/articles/cerebral-palsy">cerebral palsy</a>, bacteria/viral <a href="/articles/leptomeningitis">meningitis</a>, <a href="/articles/traumatic-brain-injury">traumatic brain injury</a>, <a href="/articles/cerebral-vascular-malformations">vascular malformations</a>
- +</li>
- +<li>
- +<a href="/articles/mesial-temporal-sclerosis">mesial temporal sclerosis</a>, <a href="/articles/meningoencephalocoeles">meningoencephalocoeles</a>
- +</li>
- +<li>tumours, e.g. <a href="/articles/ganglioglioma">gangliogliomas</a>, <a href="/articles/dysembryoplastic-neuroepithelial-tumour">DNET</a>, <a href="/articles/pleomorphic-xanthoastrocytoma">PXA</a>, low-grade gliomas</li>
-</ul>- +</ul><h4>Radiographic features</h4><h5>MRI</h5><p>MRI is the modality of choice. Please see articles on specific conditions listed above for imaging features. There are a number of <a href="/articles/mri-protocol-epilepsy">MRI protocols</a> that can be used to investigate patients with seizures. </p>
References changed:
Systems changed:
- Central Nervous System
Images Changes:
Image 1 MRI (FLAIR) ( create )
Image 2 MRI (FLAIR) ( create )
Image 3 MRI (T2) ( create )
Position
was set to
.
Unable to process the form. Check for errors and try again.