Hepatic hydatid infection
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Hepatic hydatid disease is a parasitic zoonosis caused by the Echinococcus tapeworm. In the liver, two agents are recognised as causing disease in humans:
Echinococcus granulosus
Echinococcus multilocularis
For a general discussion, and links to other system-specific manifestations, please refer to the article on hydatid disease. For a more specific discussion related to the invasive pattern attributed to the E. multilocularis infection, please refer to the article on alveolar echinococcosis.
Pathology
The parasite E. granulosus is endemic in North America and Australia and is commonly seen in the liver. It typically forms a spherical, fibrous-rimmed cyst with little, if any, surrounding host reaction. Classically it has a large parent cyst within which numerous peripheral daughter cysts are present. Satellite daughter cysts (outside the parent cyst) are seen frequently (~16% cases).There are two forms of E. granulosus:
pastoral: the most common form; the domestic dog is the main host
sylvatic: wolf or dog is the main host
The E. multilocularis definitive host (adult parasite) is the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) (sometimes cats and dogs as well), with humans serving as the accidental intermediate host. It is widely distributed throughout the Northern hemisphere.
Radiographic features
This article will discuss the most common presentation of the hepatic hydatid disease, characterised by well-defined encapsulated cystic or multicystic masses related to E. granulosus. For a specific discussion on the less common invasive form, caused by E. multilocularis, please refer to the article on alveolar echinococcosis.
Plain radiograph
May show a curvilinear or ring calcific shadow overlying the liver due to calcification of the pericyst.
Ultrasound
Septated cyst with "daughter" cysts and echogenic material between the cysts. Appearances can vary. May show a double echogenic shadow due to the pericyst. The stage of the cyst may be classified on ultrasound, see: World Health Organisation 2001 classification of hepatic hydatid cysts.
CT
Fluid density cyst, with frequent peripheral focal areas of calcification, usually indicates no active infection if completely circumferential. Septa and daughter cysts may be visualised. The water-lily sign indicates a cyst with a floating, undulating membrane, caused by a detached endocyst. May also show hyperdense internal septa within a cyst showing a spoke wheel pattern. The fluid is of variable attenuation, depending on the amount of proteinaceous debris. May show dilated intrahepatic bile ducts due to compression or rupture of the cyst into bile ducts.
MRI
T1: mixed low signal (depending on the amount of proteinaceous cellular debris)
T2: mixed high signal (depending on the amount of proteinaceous cellular debris), septa and daughter cysts are well visualised (especially on single-shot T2 sequences)
T1 C+ (Gd):
theenhancing walls and septaenhance
Treatment and prognosis
Complications
RuptureHepatic cystics can rupture into the:
biliary tree
peritoneal space (if exophytic)
bloodstream
lung 5
See also
-<li><em>Echinococcus granulosus</em></li>-<li><em>Echinococcus multilocularis </em></li>- +<li><p><em>Echinococcus granulosus</em></p></li>
- +<li><p><em>Echinococcus multilocularis</em></p></li>
-<li>pastoral: the most common form; the domestic dog is the main host </li>-<li>sylvatic: wolf or dog is the main host</li>- +<li><p>pastoral: the most common form; the domestic dog is the main host </p></li>
- +<li><p>sylvatic: wolf or dog is the main host</p></li>
-<li>-<strong>T1:</strong> mixed low signal (depending on the amount of proteinaceous cellular debris)</li>-<li>-<strong>T2:</strong> mixed high signal (depending on the amount of proteinaceous cellular debris), septa and daughter cysts are well visualised (especially on single-shot T2 sequences)</li>-<li>-<strong>T1 C+ (Gd):</strong> the walls and septa enhance</li>-</ul><h4>Treatment and prognosis</h4><h5>Complications</h5><p>Rupture into the:</p><ul>-<li>biliary tree</li>-<li>peritoneal space (if <a href="/articles/exophytic-1">exophytic</a>)</li>-<li>bloodstream</li>-<li>lung<sup> 5</sup>-</li>-</ul><h4><sup>See also</sup></h4><ul><li><a href="/articles/hydatid-cyst-signs">Hydatid cyst signs</a></li></ul>- +<li><p><strong>T1:</strong> mixed low signal (depending on the amount of proteinaceous cellular debris)</p></li>
- +<li><p><strong>T2:</strong> mixed high signal (depending on the amount of proteinaceous cellular debris), septa and daughter cysts are well visualised (especially on single-shot T2 sequences)</p></li>
- +<li><p><strong>T1 C+ (Gd):</strong> enhancing walls and septa</p></li>
- +</ul><h4>Treatment and prognosis</h4><h5>Complications</h5><p>Hepatic cystics can rupture into the:</p><ul>
- +<li><p>biliary tree</p></li>
- +<li><p>peritoneal space (if <a href="/articles/exophytic-1">exophytic</a>)</p></li>
- +<li><p>bloodstream</p></li>
- +<li><p>lung<sup> 5</sup></p></li>
- +</ul><h4><sup>See also</sup></h4><ul><li><p><a href="/articles/hydatid-cyst-signs">Hydatid cyst signs</a></p></li></ul>
References changed:
- 1. Sréter T, Széll Z, Egyed Z, Varga I. Echinococcus Multilocularis: An Emerging Pathogen in Hungary and Central Eastern Europe? Emerg Infect Dis. 2003;9(3):384-6. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0903.020320">doi:10.3201/eid0903.020320</a> - <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12643838">Pubmed</a>
- 2. Pedrosa I, Saíz A, Arrazola J, Ferreirós J, Pedrosa C. Hydatid Disease: Radiologic and Pathologic Features and Complications. Radiographics. 2000;20(3):795-817. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1148/radiographics.20.3.g00ma06795">doi:10.1148/radiographics.20.3.g00ma06795</a> - <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10835129">Pubmed</a>
- 3. Himsworth C, Jenkins E, Hill J et al. Emergence of Sylvatic Echinococcus Granulosus as a Parasitic Zoonosis of Public Health Concern in an Indigenous Community in Canada. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2010;82(4):643-5. <a href="https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0686">doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0686</a> - <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20348513">Pubmed</a>
- 4. Kantarci M, Bayraktutan U, Karabulut N et al. Alveolar Echinococcosis: Spectrum of Findings at Cross-Sectional Imaging. Radiographics. 2012;32(7):2053-70. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.327125708">doi:10.1148/rg.327125708</a> - <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23150858">Pubmed</a>
- 5. Bulut N & Dagıstanlı S. A Case of Ruptured Pulmonary Hydatid Cyst of the Liver and Review of the Literature. Case Rep Radiol. 2017;2017:7639056. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7639056">doi:10.1155/2017/7639056</a> - <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29098107">Pubmed</a>
- 1. Sréter T, Széll Z, Egyed Z et-al. Echinococcus multilocularis: an emerging pathogen in Hungary and Central Eastern Europe? Emerging Infect. Dis. 2003;9 (3): 384-6. <a href="http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol9no3/02-0320.htm">Emerging Infect. Dis. (link)</a> - <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12643838">Pubmed citation</a><div class="ref_v2"></div>
- 2. Pedrosa I, Saíz A, Arrazola J et-al. Hydatid disease: radiologic and pathologic features and complications. Radiographics. 20 (3): 795-817. <a href="http://radiographics.rsna.org/content/20/3/795.full">Radiographics (full text)</a> - <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10835129">Pubmed citation</a><div class="ref_v2"></div>
- 3. Himsworth CG, Jenkins E, Hill JE et-al. Emergence of sylvatic Echinococcus granulosus as a parasitic zoonosis of public health concern in an indigenous community in Canada. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2010;82 (4): 643-5. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0686">doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0686</a> - <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2844548">Free text at pubmed</a> - <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20348513">Pubmed citation</a><span class="auto"></span>
- 4. Kantarci M, Bayraktutan U, Karabulut N, Aydinli B, Ogul H, Yuce I, Calik M, Eren S, Atamanalp SS, Oto A. Alveolar echinococcosis: spectrum of findings at cross-sectional imaging. (2012) Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc. 32 (7): 2053-70. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.327125708">doi:10.1148/rg.327125708</a> - <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23150858">Pubmed</a> <span class="ref_v4"></span>
- 5. Bulut N, Dagıstanlı S. A Case of Ruptured Pulmonary Hydatid Cyst of the Liver and Review of the Literature. (2017) Case reports in radiology. 2017: 7639056. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7639056">doi:10.1155/2017/7639056</a> - <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29098107">Pubmed</a> <span class="ref_v4"></span>
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