Paranasal sinuses
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- updated 17 Aug 2022:
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Updates to Article Attributes
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was changed:
The paranasal sinuses usually consist of four paired air-filled spaces. They have several functions of which reducing the weight of the head is the most important. Other functions are air humidification and aiding in voice resonance. They are named for the facial bones in which they are located:
Variant anatomy
The paranasal sinuses are subject to marked variation between individuals and between sides in the same individual, regarding size (aeration) and bony septations.
total paranasal sinus agenesis - very rare 1
isolated frontal sinus agenesis - common
aerated crista galli
anterior clinoid process pneumatisation
-
protrusion and/or dehiscence of
optic nerve
maxillary nerves
vidian nerves
-
pneumatisation of
anterior clinoid processes
pterygoid processes
greater wing of sphenoid
sphenoid sinus septa attachment on the bony canal of the optic nerve
Radiographic features
MRI
Normal mucosa of the paranasal sinuses appear hypertinese on T2-weighted images 4.
Development
The maxillary and ethmoidal sinuses are the first to develop, followed by frontal and sphenoidal sinuses 3.
-<p>The <strong>paranasal sinuses</strong> usually consist of four paired air-filled spaces. They have several functions of which reducing the weight of the head is the most important. Other functions are air humidification and aiding in voice resonance. They are named for the facial bones in which they are located:</p><ul>-<li><p><a href="/articles/maxillary-sinus">maxillary sinus</a></p></li>-<li><p><a href="/articles/sphenoid-sinus">sphenoid sinus</a></p></li>-<li><p><a href="/articles/ethmoidal-air-cells">ethmoid sinus</a></p></li>-<li><p><a href="/articles/frontal-sinus">frontal sinus</a></p></li>-</ul><h4>Variant anatomy</h4><p>The paranasal sinuses are subject to marked variation between individuals and between sides in the same individual, regarding size (aeration) and bony septations.</p><ul>-<li><p><a href="/articles/total-paranasal-sinus-agenesis" title="total paranasal sinus agenesis">total paranasal sinus agenesis</a> - very rare <sup>1</sup></p></li>-<li><p>isolated frontal sinus agenesis - common</p></li>-<li><p><a href="/articles/accessory-ostia-of-maxillary-sinus" title="accessory ostia of maxillary sinus">accessory ostia of the maxillary sinus</a></p></li>-<li><p><a href="/articles/haller-cells" title="Haller cells">Haller cells</a></p></li>-<li><p><a href="/articles/sphenoethmoidal-air-cell-1" title="Onodi cells">Onodi cells</a></p></li>-<li><p><a href="/articles/posterior-nasal-septal-air-cell" title="posterior nasal septal air cell">posterior nasal septal air cell</a></p></li>-<li><p>aerated crista galli</p></li>-<li><p>anterior clinoid process pneumatisation</p></li>-<li><p><a href="/articles/agger-nasi-cells" title="Agger nasi cells">agger nasi cells</a></p></li>-<li>-<p>protrusion and/or dehiscence of</p>-<ul>-<li><p><a href="/articles/internal-carotid-artery-1" title="Internal carotid artery">internal carotid artery</a></p></li>-<li><p>optic nerve</p></li>-<li><p>maxillary nerves</p></li>-<li><p>vidian nerves</p></li>-</ul>-</li>-<li>-<p>pneumatisation of</p>-<ul>-<li><p>anterior clinoid processes</p></li>-<li><p>pterygoid processes</p></li>-<li><p>greater wing of sphenoid</p></li>-</ul>-</li>-<li><p>sphenoid sinus septa attachment on the bony canal of the optic nerve</p></li>-</ul>- +<p>The <strong>paranasal sinuses</strong> usually consist of four paired air-filled spaces. They have several functions of which reducing the weight of the head is the most important. Other functions are air humidification and aiding in voice resonance. They are named for the facial bones in which they are located:</p><ul>
- +<li><p><a href="/articles/maxillary-sinus">maxillary sinus</a></p></li>
- +<li><p><a href="/articles/sphenoid-sinus">sphenoid sinus</a></p></li>
- +<li><p><a href="/articles/ethmoidal-air-cells">ethmoid sinus</a></p></li>
- +<li><p><a href="/articles/frontal-sinus">frontal sinus</a></p></li>
- +</ul><h4>Variant anatomy</h4><p>The paranasal sinuses are subject to marked variation between individuals and between sides in the same individual, regarding size (aeration) and bony septations.</p><ul>
- +<li><p><a href="/articles/total-paranasal-sinus-agenesis" title="total paranasal sinus agenesis">total paranasal sinus agenesis</a> - very rare <sup>1</sup></p></li>
- +<li><p>isolated frontal sinus agenesis - common</p></li>
- +<li><p><a href="/articles/accessory-ostia-of-maxillary-sinus" title="accessory ostia of maxillary sinus">accessory ostia of the maxillary sinus</a></p></li>
- +<li><p><a href="/articles/haller-cells" title="Haller cells">Haller cells</a></p></li>
- +<li><p><a href="/articles/sphenoethmoidal-air-cell-1" title="Onodi cells">Onodi cells</a></p></li>
- +<li><p><a href="/articles/posterior-nasal-septal-air-cell" title="posterior nasal septal air cell">posterior nasal septal air cell</a></p></li>
- +<li><p>aerated crista galli</p></li>
- +<li><p>anterior clinoid process pneumatisation</p></li>
- +<li><p><a href="/articles/agger-nasi-cells" title="Agger nasi cells">agger nasi cells</a></p></li>
- +<li>
- +<p>protrusion and/or dehiscence of</p>
- +<ul>
- +<li><p><a href="/articles/internal-carotid-artery-1" title="Internal carotid artery">internal carotid artery</a></p></li>
- +<li><p>optic nerve</p></li>
- +<li><p>maxillary nerves</p></li>
- +<li><p>vidian nerves</p></li>
- +</ul>
- +</li>
- +<li>
- +<p>pneumatisation of</p>
- +<ul>
- +<li><p>anterior clinoid processes</p></li>
- +<li><p>pterygoid processes</p></li>
- +<li><p>greater wing of sphenoid</p></li>
- +</ul>
- +</li>
- +<li><p>sphenoid sinus septa attachment on the bony canal of the optic nerve</p></li>
- +</ul><h4>Radiographic features</h4><h5>MRI</h5><p>Normal mucosa of the paranasal sinuses appear hypertinese on T2-weighted images <sup>4</sup>.</p><h4>Development</h4><p>The maxillary and ethmoidal sinuses are the first to develop, followed by frontal and sphenoidal sinuses <sup>3</sup>.</p>
References changed:
- 3. Courey M & Pletcher S. Upper Airway Disorders. Murray and Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine. 2016;:877-896.e5. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-4557-3383-5.00049-x">doi:10.1016/b978-1-4557-3383-5.00049-x</a>
- 4. Stephanie Ryan, Michelle McNicholas, Stephen J. Eustace. Anatomy for Diagnostic Imaging. (2011) ISBN: 9780702029714 - <a href="http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN9780702029714">Google Books</a>
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