Peripheral pulmonary carcinoid tumor
Updates to Article Attributes
Peripheral pulmonary carcinoid tumour refer to a subtype of pulmonary carcinoid tumours that arise within the periphery of the lung. They are considered less common than the more centrally-located bronchial carcinoid tumours.
Clinical presentation
Many patients tend to be asymptomatic 2. Presentation with carcinoid syndrome is extremely rare 6.
Pathology
Peripheral pulmonary carcinoid tumours are considered a neuroendocrine tumour of the lung. They can be typical (well-differentiated - common) or atypical (more aggressive - uncommon).
Risk factors
- smoking: the rate of carcinoid tumours is similar between smokers and non-smokers, although there is an increased incidence of atypical subtype amongst smokers 5,6
Radiographic features
CT
Most are discovered as an incidental rounded solitary pulmonary nodule. The size at diagnosis can vary but is usually reported to be in the range of 10-30 mm 2. Many have a lobulated margin with an average Hounsfield value on postcontrast imaging of ~50 2. Imaging features are often non-specific and tissue diagnosis is essential in determining diagnosis.
Most peripheral carcinoid tumours tend to involve a subsegmental bronchus 2.
Nuclear medicine
FDG-PET
May have a sensitivity of around 75% 7. Although most cases will show uptake on an 18-FDG PET, up to a quarter of false negative has been described 2.
Galliun68-Octreotide-PET / 68Ga-DOTATATE
Usually avid and useful for diagnosis 8.
Treatment and prognosis
Some authors consider there as complex tumours as a whole which require a multidisciplinary approach and long-term follow-up 10.
Differential diagnosis
See differentials for a solitary pulmonary nodule.
-</li></ul><h4>Radiographic features</h4><h5>CT</h5><p>Most are discovered as an incidental rounded <a href="/articles/solitary-pulmonary-nodules">solitary pulmonary nodule</a>. The size at diagnosis can vary but is usually reported to be in the range of 10-30 mm <sup>2</sup>. Many have a lobulated margin with an average Hounsfield value on postcontrast imaging of ~50 <sup>2</sup>. Imaging features are often non-specific and tissue diagnosis is essential in determining diagnosis.</p><p>Most peripheral carcinoid tumours tend to involve a subsegmental bronchus <sup>2</sup>. </p><h5>Nuclear medicine</h5><h6>FDG-PET</h6><p>May have a sensitivity of around 75%<sup> 7</sup>. Although most cases will show uptake on an 18-FDG PET, up to a quarter of false negative has been described <sup>2</sup>. </p><h6>Galliun68-Octreotide-PET / <sup>68</sup>Ga-DOTATATE </h6><p>Usually avid and useful for diagnosis <sup>8</sup>.</p><h4>Differential diagnosis</h4><p>See differentials for a <a title="Solitary pulmonary nodules" href="/articles/solitary-pulmonary-nodules">solitary</a><a title="Solitary pulmonary nodules" href="/articles/solitary-pulmonary-nodules"> pulmonary nodule</a>. </p>- +</li></ul><h4>Radiographic features</h4><h5>CT</h5><p>Most are discovered as an incidental rounded <a href="/articles/solitary-pulmonary-nodules">solitary pulmonary nodule</a>. The size at diagnosis can vary but is usually reported to be in the range of 10-30 mm <sup>2</sup>. Many have a lobulated margin with an average Hounsfield value on postcontrast imaging of ~50 <sup>2</sup>. Imaging features are often non-specific and tissue diagnosis is essential in determining diagnosis.</p><p>Most peripheral carcinoid tumours tend to involve a subsegmental bronchus <sup>2</sup>. </p><h5>Nuclear medicine</h5><h6>FDG-PET</h6><p>May have a sensitivity of around 75%<sup> 7</sup>. Although most cases will show uptake on an 18-FDG PET, up to a quarter of false negative has been described <sup>2</sup>. </p><h6>Galliun68-Octreotide-PET / <sup>68</sup>Ga-DOTATATE </h6><p>Usually avid and useful for diagnosis <sup>8</sup>.</p><h4>Treatment and prognosis</h4><p>Some authors consider there as complex tumours as a whole which require a multidisciplinary approach and long-term follow-up <sup>10</sup>.</p><h4>Differential diagnosis</h4><p>See differentials for a <a href="/articles/solitary-pulmonary-nodules">solitary</a><a href="/articles/solitary-pulmonary-nodules"> pulmonary nodule</a>. </p>
References changed:
- 10 .Caplin ME, Baudin E, Ferolla P, Filosso P, Garcia-Yuste M, Lim E, Oberg K, Pelosi G, Perren A, Rossi RE, Travis WD. Pulmonary neuroendocrine (carcinoid) tumors: European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society expert consensus and recommendations for best practice for typical and atypical pulmonary carcinoids. (2015) Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology. 26 (8): 1604-20. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdv041">doi:10.1093/annonc/mdv041</a> - <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25646366">Pubmed</a> <span class="ref_v4"></span>
- 11. Hendifar AE, Marchevsky AM, Tuli R. Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Lung: Current Challenges and Advances in the Diagnosis and Management of Well-Differentiated Disease. (2017) Journal of thoracic oncology : official publication of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer. 12 (3): 425-436. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtho.2016.11.2222">doi:10.1016/j.jtho.2016.11.2222</a> - <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27890494">Pubmed</a> <span class="ref_v4"></span>