Rheumatoid arthritis (pulmonary manifestations)

Pulmonary manifestations are relatively common in rheumatoid arthritis, and like many of its non-articular manifestations, tend to develop later in the disease.

Please refer to the related articles for a general discussion of rheumatoid arthritis, and for the specific discussion of its musculoskeletal manifestations.

Epidemiology

Although RA is more common in women, respiratory disease more commonly develops in men ⁶.

Clinical presentation

Respiratory symptoms are often absent, or nonspecific such as dyspnoea and chronic cough. 

Pathology

Associations

• bronchocentric granulomatosis: rare ⁷

Radiographic features

Patterns of lung involvement include interstitial, airway and pleural disease.

Pleural involvement is a common manifestation of RA, although usually asymptomatic. 

• pleural thickening: is seen more commonly than pleural effusions
• pleural effusions: occur late in the disease, are often unilateral and associated with pericarditis and subcutaneous nodules ⁵

Conventional radiography

Chest radiograph may show: 

• pleural effusion
• lower zone predominant reticular or reticulonodular pattern, 
• volume loss in advanced disease
• skeletal changes such as erosion of clavicles, glenohumeral erosive arthropathy, superior rib notching.

CT

Chest CT or HRCT features include:

• pleural thickening or effusion
• ground glass densities ⁸
• interstitial fibrosis 
  • reticulation
  • occurs in ~ 10% of RA patients ³
  • can have either a UIP (slightly more common ⁸) or NSIP pattern
• COP - BOOP
• bronchiectasis
• bronchiolitis obliterans
• large rheumatoid nodules
  • single or multiple
  • tend to be based peripherally
  • may cavitate (necrobiotic lung nodules)
  • cavitation of a peripheral nodule can lead to pneumothorax or haemopneumothorax.
• follicular bronchiolitis
  • small centrilobular nodules or tree-in bud
  • rare
• Caplan syndrome

 See also

• rheumatoid arthritis (general article)
  • musculoskeletal manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis