Type I endoleak
Updates to Article Attributes
Type I endoleaks are a subgroup of endoleaks which occur at graft ends, often due to inadequate seal.
Pathology
They occur as a result of poor apposition between one of the attachment sites of a stent-graft and the native aortic or iliac artery wall. Blood can leak can occur through this defect into the aneurysm sac.
They can be seen immediately after stent-graft deployment due to several reasons including
- incomplete dilation of the stent-graft, aortic tortuosity
- steep aortic angulation.
Delayed-type I endoleaks may be related to changes in the configuration of the aorta as the aneurysm sac shrinks. These are considered high-pressure endoleaks, and there is a high risk of aneurysm sac rupture because of direct exposure of the aneurysm wall to aortic pressure.
Associations
- can be most common after repair of thoracic aortic aneurysms 4
Subtypes
They can be subgrouped into three further categories
- Ia: proximal
- Ib: distal
- Ic: iliac occluder
Radiographic features
Type I endoleaks are can be associated with measurable increases in aneurysm sac size.
CT angiography
Usually preferred imaging modality of choice. Multiphased scanning is helpful. Unenhanced CT may show hyperattenuating acute haemorrhage within the aneurysm sac.
After contrast administration, a dense contrast collection is usually seen centrally within the sac and is often continuous with one of the attachment sites.
Ultrasound
On Doppler sonography, a jet of flow may be seen originating from one of the attachment sites.
Treatment and prognosis
Type Ia leaks
Initial treatment can include balloon angioplasty of the proximal attachment site, aimed at remodelling the stent graft to achieve an adequate seal. If angioplasty is unsuccessful, balloon-expandable bare-metal stents such as Palmaz stents can be deployed over the affected attachment site to promote apposition of the proximal stent graft with the aortic wall.
In cases of undersized or poorly deployed endograft, covered extension cuffs, which can usually be matched in size and material to the native endograft.
Some newer devices include EndoStaples and EndoAnchors which mechanically attach the proximal endograft with the aortic wall.
Type Ib leaks
Are usually considered easier to manage than IAIa leaks, with numerous available iliac extender limbs, covered stents, and bare-metal stents to close the endoleak defect.
Despite these advances in endovascular techniques, there are still cases that require surgical repair for definitive treatment.
-</ul><h4>Radiographic features</h4><p>Type I endoleaks are can be associated with measurable increases in aneurysm sac size.</p><h5>CT angiography</h5><p>Usually preferred imaging modality of choice. Multiphased scanning is helpful. Unenhanced CT may show hyperattenuating acute haemorrhage within the aneurysm sac.</p><p>After contrast administration, a dense contrast collection is usually seen centrally within the sac and is often continuous with one of the attachment sites.</p><h5>Ultrasound</h5><p>On Doppler sonography, a jet of flow may be seen originating from one of the attachment sites.</p><h4>Treatment and prognosis</h4><h6>Type Ia leaks</h6><p>Initial treatment can include balloon angioplasty of the proximal attachment site, aimed at remodelling the stent graft to achieve an adequate seal. If angioplasty is unsuccessful, balloon-expandable bare-metal stents such as Palmaz stents can be deployed over the affected attachment site to promote apposition of the proximal stent graft with the aortic wall.</p><p>In cases of undersized or poorly deployed endograft, covered extension cuffs, which can usually be matched in size and material to the native endograft.</p><p>Some newer devices include EndoStaples and EndoAnchors which mechanically attach the proximal endograft with the aortic wall.</p><h6>Type Ib leaks</h6><p>Are usually considered easier to manage than IA, with numerous available iliac extender limbs, covered stents, and bare-metal stents to close the endoleak defect.</p><p>Despite these advances in endovascular techniques, there are still cases that require surgical repair for definitive treatment.</p><p> </p>- +</ul><h4>Radiographic features</h4><p>Type I endoleaks are can be associated with measurable increases in aneurysm sac size.</p><h5>CT angiography</h5><p>Usually preferred imaging modality of choice. Multiphased scanning is helpful. Unenhanced CT may show hyperattenuating acute haemorrhage within the aneurysm sac.</p><p>After contrast administration, a dense contrast collection is usually seen centrally within the sac and is often continuous with one of the attachment sites.</p><h5>Ultrasound</h5><p>On Doppler sonography, a jet of flow may be seen originating from one of the attachment sites.</p><h4>Treatment and prognosis</h4><h6>Type Ia leaks</h6><p>Initial treatment can include balloon angioplasty of the proximal attachment site, aimed at remodelling the stent graft to achieve an adequate seal. If angioplasty is unsuccessful, balloon-expandable bare-metal stents such as Palmaz stents can be deployed over the affected attachment site to promote apposition of the proximal stent graft with the aortic wall.</p><p>In cases of undersized or poorly deployed endograft, covered extension cuffs, which can usually be matched in size and material to the native endograft.</p><p>Some newer devices include EndoStaples and EndoAnchors which mechanically attach the proximal endograft with the aortic wall.</p><h6>Type Ib leaks</h6><p>Are usually considered easier to manage than Ia leaks, with numerous available iliac extender limbs, covered stents, and bare-metal stents to close the endoleak defect.</p><p>Despite these advances in endovascular techniques, there are still cases that require surgical repair for definitive treatment.</p><p> </p>
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