Articles

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16,834 results found
Article

Leber hereditary optic neuropathy

Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is a mitochondrial genetic disorder characterized by bilateral, progressive, central vision loss secondary to loss of the retinal ganglionic cell layer 1,2. Epidemiology Leber hereditary optic neuropathy classically presents in young, Caucasian, adult m...
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Lobar intracerebral hemorrhage

Lobar intracerebral hemorrhage is a subtype of intracerebral hemorrhage defined by their location in the peripheral cerebral hemispheres. Compared to deep intracerebral hemorrhages (involving the deep grey nuclei or brainstem), lobar hemorrhages are less likely to be related to hypertension and ...
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Multinodular and vacuolating neuronal tumor

Multinodular and vacuolating neuronal tumors (MVNT) are lesions with distinct cytoarchitectural patterns. They are often considered part of the heterogeneous group of tumors known as long-term epilepsy-associated tumors (LEATs). Radiologically, MVNTs appear as small "bubbly" indolent subcortica...
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Pool sign (intracranial; metastatic adenocarcinoma)

The pool sign describes the brain MRI appearance whereby an intracranial mass exhibits a T2 hyperintense rim adjacent to a solid mass surrounded by peritumoral edema. This appearance has suggested to be a feature characteristic of metastatic adenocarcinoma (with various primaries). The "pool" p...
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Central vein sign

The central vein sign is a marker for multiple sclerosis (MS) and is the imaging manifestation of the perivenular nature of demyelinating plaques. It is not pathognomonic but can be useful in helping differentiate multiple sclerosis from mimics, such as cerebral small vessel disease, neuromyelit...
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Amyand hernia

Amyand hernias (alternative plural: herniae) are a rare form of inguinal hernia in which the vermiform appendix is located within the hernial sac. They are seen in less than 1% of inguinal hernias.  It should not be confused with an appendix-containing femoral hernia, known as a De Garengeot he...
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Esophageal web

Esophageal webs refer to an esophageal constriction caused by a thin mucosal membrane projecting into the lumen. Epidemiology Esophageal webs tend to affect middle-aged females. Clinical presentation Patients are usually asymptomatic and the finding may be incidental and unimportant. However...
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Medical abbreviations and acronyms (V)

This article contains a list of commonly used medical abbreviations and acronyms that start with the letter V and may be encountered in medicine and radiology (please keep the main list and any sublists in alphabetic order). A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R ...
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Renal trauma

Renal trauma can result from direct, blunt, penetrating, and iatrogenic injury. Epidemiology Renal injuries account for ~10% of abdominal trauma, and thus the demographic of affected individuals reflect that population. The incidence of renal injuries increases in pre-existing congenital or ac...
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West Point classification of humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament

The West Point classification of humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament (HAGL) was created to describe avulsion injuries of the inferior glenohumeral ligament (IGHL). Classification This classification has six types of lesions divided into two categories based on anterior or posterior i...
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Mean glandular dose

The mean glandular dose (MGD) is an estimate of the average absorbed dose to the glandular tissues of a breast during mammography. It is measured in Gray (Gy). The most commonly accepted method of calculating the mean glandular dose is described by Dance et al (2000):                          ...
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Anatomic classification of congenital limb deficiencies

The anatomic classification of congenital limb deficiencies is used to classify limb deficiencies. The anatomic classification is proposed to systematically classify all congenital limb reduction defects and avoid terminology that can be considered imprecise or derogatory 1. This system is cur...
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Limb deficiency

Limb deficiencies or limb reduction defects are a spectrum of musculoskeletal disorders characterized by the absence or severe hypoplasia of a limb or part of a limb 1,2. Terminology Currently (c. 2024) the preferred terminology for limb deficiencies is based on the anatomic classification. Te...
Article

Cecal volvulus

Cecal volvulus describes torsion of the cecum around its mesentery which often results in obstruction. If unrecognised, it can result in bowel perforation and fecal peritonitis. Epidemiology Cecal volvulus accounts for ~10% of all intestinal volvuluses, and generally occur in somewhat younger ...
Article

Osmotic demyelination syndrome

Osmotic demyelination syndrome refers to acute demyelination seen in the setting of osmotic changes, typically with the rapid correction of hyponatremia. It is the preferred term replacing central pontine myelinolysis, recognizing that extrapontine structures can also be affected, previously kno...
Article

Hypothalamic hamartoma

Hypothalamic hamartomas, also known as tuber cinereum hamartomas, are benign non-neoplastic heterotopias in the brain that typically occur in the region of the hypothalamus, arising from the tuber cinereum, a part of the hypothalamus located between the mammillary bodies and the optic chiasm. E...
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Polycystic ovarian syndrome

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), also known as hyperandrogenic anovulation, is a chronic anovulation syndrome associated with androgen excess.  The Rotterdam criteria is used to make the diagnosis of PCOS and require any two of the following three criteria for the diagnosis, as well as the e...
Article

Neurobrucellosis

Neurobrucellosis refers to central nervous system involvement by brucellosis and occurs secondary to ingestion or contact with gram-negative, facultative intracellular coccobacilli of the Brucella species. Up to 10% of infections are complicated by neurological involvement 1.  The remainder of ...
Article

Demyelinating disorders

Demyelinating disorders are a subgroup of white matter disorders characterized by the destruction or damage of normally myelinated structures. These disorders may be inflammatory, infective, ischemic or toxic in origin and include 1-7: autoimmune demyelination multiple sclerosis (MS) Marburg ...
Article

Describing recency

Describing when medical information was generated (e.g. new evidence, discoveries, etc.) is commonplace, and often essential, within articles. When providing these descriptions, the preference is to avoid use of 'recent', variations thereof (e.g. 'recently'), and synonyms thereof (e.g. 'new', '...

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