Articles

Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.

16,834 results found
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Central vein sign

The central vein sign is a marker for multiple sclerosis (MS) and is the imaging manifestation of the perivenular nature of demyelinating plaques. It is not pathognomonic but can be useful in helping differentiate multiple sclerosis from mimics, such as cerebral small vessel disease, neuromyelit...
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Amyand hernia

Amyand hernias (alternative plural: herniae) are a rare form of inguinal hernia in which the vermiform appendix is located within the hernial sac. They are seen in less than 1% of inguinal hernias.  It should not be confused with an appendix-containing femoral hernia, known as a De Garengeot he...
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Esophageal web

Esophageal webs refer to an esophageal constriction caused by a thin mucosal membrane projecting into the lumen. Epidemiology Esophageal webs tend to affect middle-aged females. Clinical presentation Patients are usually asymptomatic and the finding may be incidental and unimportant. However...
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Medical abbreviations and acronyms (V)

This article contains a list of commonly used medical abbreviations and acronyms that start with the letter V and may be encountered in medicine and radiology (please keep the main list and any sublists in alphabetic order). A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R ...
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Renal trauma

Renal trauma can result from direct, blunt, penetrating, and iatrogenic injury. Epidemiology Renal injuries account for ~10% of abdominal trauma, and thus the demographic of affected individuals reflect that population. The incidence of renal injuries increases in pre-existing congenital or ac...
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West Point classification of humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament

The West Point classification of humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament (HAGL) was created to describe avulsion injuries of the inferior glenohumeral ligament (IGHL). Classification This classification has six types of lesions divided into two categories based on anterior or posterior i...
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Mean glandular dose

The mean glandular dose (MGD) is an estimate of the average absorbed dose to the glandular tissues of a breast during mammography. It is measured in Gray (Gy). The most commonly accepted method of calculating the mean glandular dose is described by Dance et al (2000):                          ...
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Anatomic classification of congenital limb deficiencies

The anatomic classification of congenital limb deficiencies is used to classify limb deficiencies. The anatomic classification is proposed to systematically classify all congenital limb reduction defects and avoid terminology that can be considered imprecise or derogatory 1. This system is cur...
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Limb deficiency

Limb deficiencies or limb reduction defects are a spectrum of musculoskeletal disorders characterized by the absence or severe hypoplasia of a limb or part of a limb 1,2. Terminology Currently (c. 2024) the preferred terminology for limb deficiencies is based on the anatomic classification. Te...
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Cecal volvulus

Cecal volvulus describes torsion of the cecum around its mesentery which often results in obstruction. If unrecognised, it can result in bowel perforation and fecal peritonitis. Epidemiology Cecal volvulus accounts for ~10% of all intestinal volvuluses, and generally occur in somewhat younger ...
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Osmotic demyelination syndrome

Osmotic demyelination syndrome refers to acute demyelination seen in the setting of osmotic changes, typically with the rapid correction of hyponatremia. It is the preferred term replacing central pontine myelinolysis, recognizing that extrapontine structures can also be affected, previously kno...
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Hypothalamic hamartoma

Hypothalamic hamartomas, also known as tuber cinereum hamartomas, are benign non-neoplastic heterotopias in the brain that typically occur in the region of the hypothalamus, arising from the tuber cinereum, a part of the hypothalamus located between the mammillary bodies and the optic chiasm. E...
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Polycystic ovarian syndrome

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), also known as hyperandrogenic anovulation, is a chronic anovulation syndrome associated with androgen excess.  The Rotterdam criteria is used to make the diagnosis of PCOS and require any two of the following three criteria for the diagnosis, as well as the e...
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Neurobrucellosis

Neurobrucellosis refers to central nervous system involvement by brucellosis and occurs secondary to ingestion or contact with gram-negative, facultative intracellular coccobacilli of the Brucella species. Up to 10% of infections are complicated by neurological involvement 1.  The remainder of ...
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Demyelinating disorders

Demyelinating disorders are a subgroup of white matter disorders characterized by the destruction or damage of normally myelinated structures. These disorders may be inflammatory, infective, ischemic or toxic in origin and include 1-7: autoimmune demyelination multiple sclerosis (MS) Marburg ...
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Describing recency

Describing when medical information was generated (e.g. new evidence, discoveries, etc.) is commonplace, and often essential, within articles. When providing these descriptions, the preference is to avoid use of 'recent', variations thereof (e.g. 'recently'), and synonyms thereof (e.g. 'new', '...
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Polycystic ovaries

Polycystic ovaries (PCO) or polycystic ovarian morphology (PCOM) is an imaging descriptor of a particular type of change in ovarian morphology. A proportion of women with polycystic ovaries will have the polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), which in turn requires additional clinical, as well as b...
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Split pleura sign (empyema)

The split pleura sign is seen with pleural empyemas and is considered the most reliable CT sign helping to distinguish an empyema from a peripheral pulmonary abscess (see empyema vs pulmonary abscess) 1,2.  The sign results from fibrin coating both the parietal and visceral surfaces of the pleu...
Article

Mycetoma (lung)

A pulmonary mycetoma, also known as a fungus ball, is due to colonization of a pre-existing cavity by a fungus, usually a species of Aspergillus, in which case it is termed an aspergilloma 1. Terminology Pulmonary mycetoma is unrelated to soft-tissue mycetoma, also known as Madura foot. The la...
Article

Carotid web

Carotid webs, also known as carotid intimal variant fibromuscular dysplasia, are rare vascular pathologies of the internal carotid artery that are an important cause of cryptogenic and recurrent ischemic stroke. Terminology Carotid webs have had many different names in the literature, includin...

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