Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
16,875 results found
Article
Response evaluation criteria in solid tumors
Response evaluation criteria in solid tumors or RECIST refers to a set of published rules used to assess tumor burden in order to provide an objective assessment of response to therapy. They were initially introduced in 2000 with revision in 2009 (RECIST 1.1).
For the evaluation of tumors treat...
Article
Lacrimal bone
The lacrimal bones are paired craniofacial bones forming the anterior aspect of the medial orbital walls.
Gross anatomy
The lacrimal bones have two surfaces and four borders. The lateral orbital surface is divided by a vertical posterior lacrimal crest with an anterior fossa for the lacrimal ...
Article
Ethmoid bone
The ethmoid bone is a single midline facial bone that separates the nasal cavity from the brain and is located at the roof of the nose and between the orbits. It is a cubical shape and is relatively lightweight because of its spongy construction and air-filled sinuses. It contributes to the ante...
Article
Frontal bone
The frontal bone is a skull bone that contributes to the cranial vault. It contributes to form part of the anterior cranial fossa.
Gross anatomy
The frontal bone has two portions:
vertical portion (squama): has external/internal surfaces
horizontal portion (orbital): has superior/inferior su...
Article
Tularemia
Tularemia is a rare and highly virulent febrile zoonotic bacterial infection caused by Francisella tularensis, which has been developed as a bioweapon by several countries. It can infect the skin and mucous membranes, lungs and intestine and cause systemic disease and death. Tularemia is a notif...
Article
Prostatomegaly
Prostatomegaly is a general term used to describe enlargement of the prostate gland from whatever cause. Usually, the prostate is considered enlarged on imaging when its volume measures >30 mL 3.
Terminology
The term prostatomegaly is often used interchangeably with benign prostatic hyperplas...
Article
Prostate
The prostate gland is the largest accessory gland of the male reproductive system. In adults, it typically weighs ~40 grams and has an average size of 3 x 4 x 2 cm 15. On imaging, the upper limit of normal is considered to be 30 mL 16. The prostate comprises 70% glandular tissue and 30% fibromus...
Article
Yasargil classification of vein of Galen aneurysmal malformations
The Yasargil classification is one of the two common systems for classifying vein of Galen malformations that is currently in use at the time of writing (mid 2024).
Classification
type I: small pure cisternal fistula between the vein of Galen (voG) and either the pericallosal arteries (anteri...
Article
Sagittal balance
Sagittal balance, along with coronal balance, reflects the innate neutral standing position with C7 positioned over S1 1.
Pathology
Sagittal balance can change depending on various factors, including spinal deformities such as a loss of lumbar lordosis 1.
Radiographic features
Radiographic...
Article
Lasjaunias classification of vein of Galen aneurysmal malformations
The Lasjaunias classification, at the time of writing (mid 2024), is one of the two commonly used systems for classifying vein of Galen malformations. It relies on dividing the entity into choroidal or mural types, depending on the number and origin of feeding arteries.
Classification
choroid...
Article
Thymic epithelial tumors
Thymic epithelial tumors are rare tumors arising from thymus in anterior mediastinum of middle age patients, these tumors encompass thymomas, invasive thymomas and thymic carcinoma. Despite their relative rarity, they are the most common primary neoplasm of the thymus and anterosuperior mediasti...
Article
Thymic carcinoma
Thymic carcinoma is a part of the malignant spectrum of thymic epithelial tumors, along with malignant thymomas and neuroendocrine carcinomas.
Epidemiology
Patients are typically 50 to 70 years of age at presentation 9.
Pathology
The incidence of paraneoplastic syndromes is thought to be low...
Article
Myxoid degeneration of a leiomyoma
Myxoid degeneration of leiomyoma is one of the rarer types of degeneration that can occur in a uterine leiomyoma. This term is related but not identical to the term myxoid uterine leiomyoma.
Epidemiology
While this type of degeneration is generally considered rare, the highest prevalence for t...
Article
Straight back syndrome
Straight back syndrome refers to decreased thoracic kyphosis ("flattening") and decreased anteroposterior thoracic diameter, such that there is compression of cardiovascular or bronchial structures.
Terminology
Straight back syndrome should not be confused with flat back syndrome, which refer...
Article
Kyphosis
Kyphosis (plural: kyphoses), much less commonly kyphus, is a term used to describe the sagittal curvature of the thoracic spine. Hyperkyphosis is when the kyphosis angle is above the normal range 5,7.
Pathology
Kyphosis increases with age, with a kyphosis angle of ~25° (range 20-29°) in adoles...
Article
Internal pudendal artery
The internal pudendal artery is a branch of the anterior division of the internal iliac artery and is the primary supply of the perineum. It is a larger vessel in males than in females and is usually the smallest branch of the anterior division of the internal iliac artery.
Summary
origin: ant...
Article
Sagittal vertical axis
Sagittal vertical axis/alignment (SVA) is one of the simplest and most widely used methods to assess sagittal balance 1-3.
Measurement
This measurement is performed on lateral standing full-length spine x-rays. A plumb line is drawn vertically from the middle of the C7 vertebral body 1,2 or th...
Article
Spinopelvic balance
Spinopelvic balance is an important concept in adult spinal deformities. There are numerous ways of assessing spinopelvic balance, using various bony landmarks and angles to evaluate whether or not a normal distribution of weight and stresses is present through the axial skeleton, some incorpora...
Article
Zabramski classification of cerebral cavernous malformations
The Zabramski classification of cerebral cavernomas has been proposed as a way of classifying cerebral cavernous malformations, and although not used in clinical practice it is useful in scientific publications that seek to study cavernous malformations.
The classification was proposed in 1994 ...
Article
Diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27-altered
Diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27-altered is a specific entity that represents the majority of diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas, although identical tumors are also found elsewhere in the midline (e.g. brainstem, spinal cord and thalamus) 1. They are aggressive tumors with a poor prognosis and are ...
Unable to process the form. Check for errors and try again.