Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
16,873 results found
Article
Ossicles
Ossicles are "small bones" - the definition is really that broad! In human anatomy, the small bones in the middle ear are referred to as "the ossicles", but there are many other small bones in the hand and feet that appear are normal variant anatomy and are termed "accessory ossicles":
ossicles...
Article
Bosniak classification system of renal cystic masses (version 2005)
The Bosniak classification system of renal cystic masses, now known as Bosniak v2005, divides renal cystic masses into five categories based on imaging characteristics on contrast-enhanced CT, and helps predict a risk of malignancy and suggests either follow-up or treatment. An updated classific...
Article
Bovine arch
Bovine arch is the most common variant of the aortic arch and occurs when the brachiocephalic (innominate) artery shares a common origin with the left common carotid artery.
Epidemiology
A bovine arch is present in ~15% (range 8-27%) of the population and is more common in individuals of Afri...
Article
Boxer fracture
Boxer fractures are minimally comminuted, transverse fractures of the 5th metacarpal neck, and are the most common type of metacarpal fracture.
A boxer's knuckle is a separate entity, which is a tear of the metacarpophalangeal joint sagittal band that causes subluxation of the associated exten...
Article
Brain tumors in infancy
Common brain tumors in infancy (i.e. under one year of age) are quite different from those of brain tumors in adulthood. Most are located in the supratentorial region (~65%) and they carry a poor prognosis.
The frequency of these tumors varies according to studies, but the most common brain tum...
Article
Breast cancer (staging)
Breast cancer staging refers to TNM classification of breast carcinomas. The system applies to epithelial malignancies and does not apply to breast sarcomas, phyllodes tumor, or breast lymphomas. The following article reflects the 8th edition manual published by the American Joint Committee on C...
Article
Benign and malignant characteristics of breast lesions at ultrasound
Benign and malignant characteristics of breast lesions at ultrasound allow the classification as either malignant, intermediate or benign based on work published by Stavros et al. in 1995.
Radiographic features
Ultrasound
Malignant characteristics (with positive predictive values)
sonog...
Article
Breast lymphoma
Breast lymphoma refers to the involvement of the breast with lymphoma and may be primary or secondary.
Epidemiology
Both primary and secondary breast lymphomas are rare. Breast lymphoma accounts for <1% of all breast malignancies and <2% of all extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphoma 11. Secondary lym...
Article
Breast neoplasms
Breast neoplasms consist of a wide spectrum of pathologies from benign proliferations, high-risk lesions, precursor lesions, to invasive malignancies. This article provides an overview for radiologists, with a focus on breast cancer.
For a summary article for medical students and non-radiologi...
Article
Bright rim sign (DNET)
The bright rim sign, also known as the hyperintense ring sign, is an MRI sign described most frequently in dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors (DNET) but is also seen in some other tumors.
Terminology
Although the sign is most associated with DNETs, and should probably be reserved in case...
Article
Brodie abscess
Brodie abscess is an intraosseous abscess related to a focus of subacute or chronic pyogenic osteomyelitis. Unfortunately, there is no reliable way to radiographically exclude a focus of osteomyelitis. It has a protean radiographic appearance and can occur at any location and in a patient of any...
Article
Bronchial atresia
Bronchial atresia is a developmental anomaly characterized by focal obliteration of the proximal segment of a bronchus associated with hyperinflation of the distal lung.
On imaging, it commonly presents as a proximal focal tubular-shaped opacity radiating from the hilum associated with a dista...
Article
Bronchiectasis
Bronchiectasis (plural: bronchiectases) is defined as an irreversible abnormal dilatation of the bronchial tree. It has a variety of underlying causes, with a common etiology of chronic inflammation. High-resolution CT is the most accurate modality for diagnosis.
Epidemiology
As there are many...
Article
Lung cancer
Primary lung cancer is a broad term referring to the main histological subtypes of primary lung malignancies that are mainly linked with inhaled carcinogens, with tobacco smoke being a key risk factor.
This article will broadly discuss all the histological subtypes as a group, focussing on the...
Article
Budd-Chiari syndrome
Budd-Chiari syndrome, also known as hepatic venous outflow obstruction (HVOO), refers to the clinical picture that occurs when there is partial or complete obstruction of the hepatic veins.
There is no clear consensus regarding the number of occluded veins, some authors claim that there should...
Article
Buford complex
Buford complex is a congenital glenoid labrum variant where the anterosuperior labrum is absent in the 1-3 o'clock position and the middle glenohumeral ligament is thickened (cord-like). It originates directly from the superior labrum adjacent to the bicipital labral complex and inserts onto the...
Article
Butterfly glioma
Butterfly gliomas are high-grade astrocytomas, IDH-mutant or glioblastomas, IDH-wildtype that cross the midline via the corpus callosum. Other white matter commissures are also occasionally involved. The term butterfly refers to the symmetric wing-like extensions across the midline.
Butterfly ...
Article
Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL)
Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is an autosomal dominant microvasculopathy characterized by recurrent lacunar and subcortical white matter ischemic strokes and vascular dementia in young and middle age patients without known va...
Article
Pulmonary cavity (mnemonic)
A particularly helpful mnemonic for causes of pulmonary cavities is:
CAVITY
Mnemonic
C: cancer
lung cancer: most frequently squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)
cavitary pulmonary metastasis(es): most frequently SCC
A: autoimmune; granulomas from
granulomatosis with polyangiitis
rheumatoid ar...
Article
CHARGE syndrome
CHARGE syndrome is a phenotype associated with CHD7 gene mutation originally defined by a constellation of congenital anomalies:
C: coloboma
H: heart defects
A: atresia choanae
R: retarded growth and development
G: genital hypoplasia
E: ear abnormalities and/or deafness
According to updat...
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