Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
22 results found
Article
Ultrasound assessment of carotid arterial atherosclerotic disease
Ultrasound assessment of carotid arterial atherosclerotic disease has become the first choice for carotid artery stenosis screening, permitting the evaluation of both the macroscopic appearance of plaques and flow characteristics in the carotid artery.
This article focuses on internal carotid a...
Article
Reporting tips for aortic aneurysms
When issuing an MRI or CT report on a patient with an aortic aneurysm, whether it be thoracic or abdominal, a number of features should be mentioned to aid the referring clinician in managing the patient.
Reporting tips for aortic aneurysms include 1,2:
size and shape
sac dimensions (outer su...
Article
CT perfusion in ischemic stroke
CT perfusion in ischemic stroke has become established in most centers with stroke services as an important adjunct, along with CT angiography (CTA), to conventional unenhanced CT brain imaging.
It enables the differentiation of salvageable ischemic brain tissue (the penumbra) from the irrevoca...
Article
Code stroke CT (an approach)
A code stroke CT can be daunting to interpret as not only does it involve many sequences but it also includes CT perfusion with which many radiologists and clinicians alike are relatively unfamiliar. If that wasn’t challenging enough, there is usually the added pressure to make the diagnosis rap...
Article
Coronary Artery Disease - Reporting and Data System
The Coronary Artery Disease - Reporting and Data System (CAD-RADS) is a standardized method for reporting and communicating coronary CT angiography findings and serves as a clinical decision support tool to guide subsequent patient management.
History and etymology
The system was created by a ...
Article
Aortofemoral bypass
Aortofemoral bypass surgery is a type of vascular surgery that is performed to treat aortoiliac occlusive diseases, commonly known as Leriche syndrome, by inserting an artificial tube (graft) from the end of the body's main artery (aorta) to the artery that supply blood to the legs (femoral arte...
Article
Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (FAST) scan
Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (FAST) scan is a point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) examination performed at the time of presentation of a trauma patient.
It is invariably performed by a clinician, who should be formally trained, and is considered as an 'extension' of the trauma cl...
Article
Acceleration index
Acceleration index is an indirect sonographic sign to assess renal artery stenosis 1.
Usage
Acceleration index is used in the Doppler assessment of the renal arteries when assessing for renal artery stenosis.
Measurement
Acceleration index is calculated by subtracting the initial systolic ve...
Article
Renal artery stenosis
Renal artery stenosis (RAS) (plural: stenoses) refers to a narrowing of a renal artery. When the process occurs slowly, it leads to secondary hypertension. Acute renal artery stenosis does not lead to hypersecretion of renin.
Pathology
When the stenosis occurs slowly, collateral vessels form a...
Article
Aortic pseudoaneurysm vs ductus diverticulum
Differentiation of aortic pseudoaneurysm from ductus diverticulum is critical, particularly in the trauma setting. A traumatic aortic pseudoaneurysm is a surgical emergency whereas a ductus diverticulum is a normal anatomic variant.
The following are differentiating features:
Aortic pseudoaneu...
Article
Interscalene brachial plexus block
An interscalene brachial plexus block is indicated for procedures involving the shoulder and upper arm.
History
Ultrasound-guided brachial plexus nerve blocks entered the literature in 1989, when Ting et al. detailed their success with axillary nerve blocks in 10 patients 3.
Indications
r...
Article
Microvascular decompression
Microvascular decompression is a surgical procedure for cranial nerve compression syndrome, most often carried out for trigeminal neuralgia, or less frequently hemifacial spasm and glossopharyngeal neuralgia.
It is usually carried out via a retrosigmoid craniotomy. The culprit blood vessel, eit...
Article
Cardiac MRI
Cardiac MRI consists of using MRI to study heart anatomy, physiology, and pathology.
Advantages
In comparison to other techniques, cardiac MRI offers:
improved soft tissue definition
protocol can be tailored to likely differential diagnoses
a large number of sequences are available
dynamic...
Article
Catheter-directed thrombolysis
Catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT) is an endovascular approach to the treatment of acute iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis. It involves the administration of a lytic agent directly into a thrombus.
Indications
precise diagnosis of iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis
first episode of acute ili...
Article
Abnormal ductus venosus waveforms
Abnormal ductus venosus waveforms can arise in a number of conditions ranging from aneuploidy to vascular malformations and fetal tumors. "A wave" reversal can be seen in 5% of euploid fetuses 9.
Pathology
Abnormal waveforms in fetal ductus venosus flow assessment can occur in a number of situ...
Article
Rapid ultrasound in shock
The rapid ultrasound in shock (RUSH) protocol is a structured point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) examination performed at the time of presentation of a shocked patient. It is a more detailed and longer exam than the FAST scan, with the aim to differentiate between hypovolemic, cardiogenic, obstruc...
Article
Fetal middle cerebral artery pulsatility index
The fetal middle cerebral artery (MCA) pulsatility index (PI) is a key parameter used in fetal middle cerebral arterial Doppler assessment. It is calculated by subtracting the end-diastolic velocity (EDV) from the peak systolic velocity (PSV) and then dividing by the time-averaged (mean) velocit...
Article
Tentorial angle
The tentorial angle is measured between a line connecting the nasion with the tuberculum sellae and the angle of the straight sinus. Normally it should measure between 27° and 52°.
Abnormalities of the posterior fossa or base of skull can alter this. For example, this angle is elevated in achon...
Article
Multiphase CT angiography in acute ischemic stroke
Multiphase CT angiography is an evolving imaging technique in acute ischemic stroke. The technique aims to quickly and reliably identify brain which is potentially salvageable with intervention. Brain tissue viability depends on many factors, with this technique assessing collateral leptomeninge...
Article
Chest x-ray: PICC position (summary)
This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists
Chest x-ray PICC (peripherally inserted central catheter) position should be assessed following initial placement and on subsequent radiographs.
Reference article
This is a summary article; we do have a more in-depth refe...
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