Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
538 results found
Article
CT/MRI LI-RADS
CT/MRI Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) is an algorithm for diagnosing and staging hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (CT/MRI Diagnostic LI-RADS) or assessing the response of HCC to locoregional treatment (CT/MRI Treatment Response LI-RADS) using CT or MRI with extracellular contras...
Article
Gastric lymph node stations
The gastric lymph node stations were originally divided into 16 groups, as proposed by the Japanese Research Society for Gastric Cancer in 1973.
Gross anatomy
There are three major groups of lymph drainage from the stomach, namely, left gastric, gastroepiploic, and pyloric nodes 4, as shown in...
Article
Diffuse hepatic steatosis (grading)
Grading of diffuse hepatic steatosis on ultrasound has been used to communicate to the clinician about the extent of fatty changes in the liver.
Grading using ultrasound B-mode
grade I: diffusely increased hepatic echogenicity but periportal and diaphragmatic echogenicity is still appreciable...
Article
CEUS LI-RADS
Contrast-enhanced Ultrasound Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (CEUS LI-RADS) is a standardized classification system, algorithm and terminology for diagnosis of HCC in high-risk patients using CEUS with blood-pool intravenous contrast agents.
The current version is CEUS LI-RADS v2017 Cor...
Article
LI-RADS US Surveillance
Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System Ultrasound Surveillance (LI-RADS US Surveillance) is a standardized system with recommendations for imaging technique, interpretation and reporting for surveillance of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) using unenhanced ultrasound in patients at high risk for ...
Article
Stoma
A stoma (plural stomata) is defined as an artificially created connection between two hollow organs or a hollow organ and the skin. A surgical procedure that involves the creation of a stoma carries the suffix "-ostomy".
For a discussion of imaging features and potential complications, please r...
Article
Errors in diagnostic radiology
Errors in diagnostic radiology occur for a variety of reasons related to human error, technical factors and system faults. It is important to recognize that various cognitive biases contribute to these errors.
Classification
Renfrew classification
This classification was proposed by Renfrew e...
Article
Osteochondral injury staging
Osteochondral injury staging system for MRI attempts to grade the stability and severity of osteochondral injury and is used to plan management.
Classification
stage I
injury limited to articular cartilage
MRI findings: subchondral edema
x-ray findings: none
stage II
cartilage injury with...
Article
Germinal matrix hemorrhage (grading)
Grading of germinal matrix hemorrhage has taken several forms over the years. The most commonly used system is the sonographic grading system proposed by Burstein, Papile, et al.
Classification
grade I
restricted to subependymal region/germinal matrix which is seen in the caudothalamic groov...
Article
LI-RADS (overview)
Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) is a standardized terminology and classification system for imaging findings in liver lesions. A liver lesion's LI-RADS score indicates its relative risk for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
Usage
The classification system is meant to be used in...
Article
Diffuse axonal injury (grading)
Grading of diffuse axonal injury due to trauma is described according to the anatomic distribution of injury. Contrary to the implication of the word "diffuse," diffuse axonal injury has a topological predilection for focal involvement of certain sites in the brain. These sites, in turn, vary in...
Article
Gynecologic Imaging-Reporting and Data System (GI-RADS)
The Gynecologic Imaging-Reporting and Data System (GI-RADS) is a reporting system that was created for reporting the findings in adnexal masses based on transvaginal ultrasonography.
Classification
Findings are classified into five categories 1:
GI-RADS 1
normal ovaries identified and no adn...
Article
SRU management guidelines for gallbladder polyps
The Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound (SRU) consensus recommendation for the management of incidentally detected gallbladder polyps was published in 2021 1.
Usage
The SRU consensus recommendation is one of many guidelines for the management of incidentally detected gallbladder polyps. The ...
Article
Lund-Mackay score
The Lund-Mackay score is a CT-based scoring system for chronic rhinosinusitis 1 and is popular due to its simplicity and high inter and intra-observer reliability 6,7.
Lund-Mackay score
When reading a CT scan of the paranasal sinuses and ostiomeatal complex, the reader assigns each sinus a sco...
Article
Morgan and Superina classification of congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts
The Morgan and Superina classification of congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts is based on the absence (type 1) or presence (type 2) of intrahepatic portal blood supply 2.
Usage
This classification system is widely used (c. 2020) 2, although there is evidence that all congenital extrah...
Article
Kellgren and Lawrence system for classification of osteoarthritis
The Kellgren and Lawrence system is a common method of classifying the severity of osteoarthritis (OA) using five grades.
The original paper 1 graded OA at the following sites and projections:
hands: posteroanterior
cervical spine: lateral
lumbar spine (facet joints only): lateral
hips: an...
Article
Dameron-Lawrence-Botte classification of proximal 5th metatarsal fractures
The Dameron-Lawrence-Botte classification, or Lawrence-Botte classification, is a commonly used system for proximal fifth metatarsal fractures as it has management implications 3.
Classification
Under this system, proximal fifth metatarsal fractures are categorized into one of three anatomic ...
Article
Crawford classification
The Crawford classification system is used to classify thoracoabdominal aneurysms and has important therapeutic implications. Precise classification of anatomical features allows accurate risk stratification and appropriate operative planning 1,2.
Classification
The system divides thoracoabdo...
Article
CT colonography reporting and data system
CT Colonography Reporting and Data System (C-RADS) is a method for standardizing CT colonography (CTC) reporting. The current revision is 2023 5.
Terminology
A polyp is defined as a homogenous soft tissue attenuation lesion projecting into the colonic lumen with a fixed point of attachment to ...
Article
Varicocele grading on color Doppler
Varicocele grading on color Doppler can be done variably. The most elaborate and widely-accepted grading was given by Sarteschi, as below.
For a general discussion of this condition refer to the article: varicocele.
Evaluation
baseline greyscale study in supine position and measure the diame...
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