Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
50 results found
Article
Suspected physical abuse
Suspected physical abuse (SPA), also known as non-accidental injury (NAI) or inflicted injury, in infants and young children represents both ethical and legal challenges to treating physicians.
Radiologists may be the first clinical staff to suspect non-accidental injuries when confronted with ...
Article
Cyanotic congenital heart disease
A number of entities can present as cyanotic congenital heart disease. These can be divided into those with increased (pulmonary plethora) or decreased pulmonary vascularity:
increased pulmonary vascularity
total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR) (types I and II)
transposition of the ...
Article
Cardiovascular shunts
Cardiovascular (cardiac) shunts are abnormal connections between the pulmonary and systemic circulations. Most commonly they are the result of congenital heart disease.
Pathology
Blood can either be shunted from the systemic circulation to pulmonary circulation (i.e. 'left-to-right shunt') or ...
Article
Pediatric calcific discopathy
Pediatric idiopathic intervertebral disc calcification is a rare condition affecting intervertebral discs, adjacent vertebral bodies, and musculo-ligamentous structures, typically resulting in local pain or sensorimotor disturbances. First described by Baron in 1924 1, the underlying etiology is...
Article
Bent bone dysplasias (differential)
Bent bone dysplasias are a class of skeletal dysplasia included in a 2010 classification of genetic skeletal disorders 1:
campomelic dysplasia
Stuve-Weidemann dysplasia
kyphomelic dysplasias, a diverse class, including
congenital bowing of the long bones
cartilage-hair hypoplasia (CHH; meta...
Article
Neonatal respiratory distress (causes)
Causes of neonatal distress can be broadly split into intrathoracic, extrathoracic and systemic:
Intrathoracic
Medical
respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)
transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN)
meconium aspiration syndrome
bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)
patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
...
Article
Premature closure of a growth plate (differential)
Premature closure of a growth plate subsequently results in a shortened bone, which can occur in a number of situations.
Pathology
Etiology
Common
local hyperemia
infection: osteomyelitis
juvenile chronic arthritis
juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
hemophilia
arteriovenous malformation
tr...
Article
Periosteal new bone formation in children
Periosteal reaction in the pediatric population, also known as periostitis in children, is relatively common occurrence and can result from many causes.
Differential diagnosis
The differential diagnosis for multiple bone periostitis includes but not limited to the following:
physiological per...
Article
Frontal bossing
Frontal bossing is a calvarial radiographic feature where the front of the skull appears protruding anteriorly. It is best appreciated on a sagittal or lateral image.
Pathology
This feature can be seen in many conditions (in alphabetical order):
18q syndrome
acromegaly
achondroplasia
ß-tha...
Article
Colpocephaly
Colpocephaly is a descriptive term for a disproportionate prominence of the occipital horns of the lateral ventricles. It can result from a wide range of congenital insults.
Clinical presentation
Patients may present with motor abnormalities, cognitive deficits, visual abnormalities, and seizu...
Article
Dense metaphyseal bands (differential)
The differential diagnosis of dense metaphyseal bands is wide.
Differential diagnosis
Common
chronic anemia, e.g. sickle cell disease, thalassemia
chemotherapy, e.g. methotrexate
growth acceleration lines following growth arrest due to systemic illness or stress in infancy or childhood, e.g...
Article
Urinary bladder diverticula (causes)
There are numerous causes of urinary bladder diverticula:
Primary (congenital or idiopathic)
Hutch diverticulum (in paraureteral region)
Secondary
bladder outlet obstruction
bladder neck stenosis
neurogenic bladder
posterior urethral valve
prostatic enlargement (hypertr...
Article
Patterns of neonatal hypoxic–ischemic brain injury
Neonatal hypoxic ischemic brain injuries can manifest in different patterns of involvement depending on the severity and timing of the insult. When considering the perinatal maturation process of the brain and the severity of an insult, it is possible to understand the various manifestations.
T...
Article
Syndactyly
Syndactyly (plural: syndactylies) refers to a congenital fusion of two or more digits. It may be confined to soft tissue (soft tissue syndactyly / simple syndactyly) or may involve bone (bony syndactyly / complex syndactyly).
Epidemiology
The overall estimated incidence is at ~1 per 2500 to 50...
Article
Anterior vertebral body beaking
Anterior vertebral body beaking occurs in a number of conditions and may emanate from the central portion or the lower third of the vertebral body.
Middle third
Morquio syndrome 1 (middle for Morquio)
Lower third
Hurler syndrome 2
achondroplasia 3
congenital hypothyroidism (formerly, creti...
Article
Increased bone age
A generalized acceleration in bone maturation can result from a number of etiological factors. They include:
endocrine disorders
idiopathic isosexual precocious puberty
hypothalamic or parathalamic lesion with sexual precocity: e.g.
craniopharyngioma
astrocytoma
hypothalamic...
Article
Double bubble sign (duodenum)
The double bubble sign is seen in infants and represents dilatation of the proximal duodenum and stomach. It is seen in both radiographs and ultrasound, and can be identified antenatally 2.
Pathology
Causes include 1,2:
congenital obstruction
duodenal web
duodenal atresia
...
Article
Rachitic rosary
Rachitic rosary refers to expansion of the anterior rib ends at the costochondral junctions and is most frequently seen in rickets as nodularity at the costochondral junctions.
Differential diagnosis
Other causes of this appearance include:
scurvy
the costochondral junction is more a...
Article
Congenital renal anomalies
Congenital renal anomalies comprise of vast spectrum of pathologies and include:
renal agenesis
renal dysgenesis
congenital renal hypoplasia
congenital megacalyectasis
congenital cystic renal disease
infantile polycystic renal disease: autosomal recessive polycystic ki...
Article
Alternating radiolucent and radiodense metaphyseal lines
Alternating radiolucent and radiodense metaphyseal lines can be seen with a number of conditions and the differential diagnosis is wide:
growth arrest lines
bisphosphonate therapy
rickets: especially those on prolonged treatment, e.g. vitamin D dependent rickets
osteopetrosis
c...
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