Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
23 results found
Article
Whole-body diffusion-weighted MRI
Whole-body diffusion-weighted MRI (WB-MRI) is an advanced imaging technique that combines anatomical and functional MRI sequences to provide a comprehensive assessment of the whole-body in a single examination.
WB-MRI uses the properties of diffusion-weighted imaging for oncological disease sta...
Article
Positron emission tomography
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a modern non-invasive imaging technique for quantification of radioactivity in vivo. It involves the intravenous injection of a positron-emitting radiopharmaceutical, waiting to allow for systemic distribution, and then scanning for detection and quantificat...
Article
Thorotrast
Thorotrast was the trade name of a radioactive thorium dioxide suspension radiographic contrast media widely used between the 1930s and 1940s. It was popular for its use as an intravascular contrast agent, particularly for cerebral angiography. An estimated 2-10 million people are thought to hav...
Article
Magnetic resonance lymphangiography
Magnetic resonance lymphangiography (MRL) is an imaging technique used to visualize and map the lymphatic vessels. The technique is used for treatment planning in supermicrosurgical procedures, including lymphaticovenous anastomosis, lymphaticolymphatic bypass and vascularized lymph node transfe...
Article
F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose
F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) is the most common PET radiotracer.
Structure
The radiopharmaceutical consists of the fluorine-18 radionuclide substituting the hydroxyl group at the C-2 position of glucose. The IUPAC chemical name is 2-deoxy-2-[F-18]fluoroglucose.
Production
F-18 fluoride ion ...
Article
CT abdomen-pelvis (protocol)
The CT abdomen-pelvis protocol serves as an outline for an examination of the whole abdomen including the pelvis. It is one of the most common CT protocols for any clinical questions related to the abdomen and/or in routine and emergencies. It forms also an integral part of trauma and oncologic ...
Article
Gallium-68 DOTATATE
Gallium-68 DOTATATE (or Ga-68 DOTATATE) is a PET radiotracer that is a form of somatostatin-receptor (SSTR) functional imaging. It is most commonly used for evaluating primary and metastatic well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors. There are also emerging uses for evaluating other somatostat...
Article
Myo-inositol peak
Myo-inositol is one of the compounds images with MR spectroscopy (MRS) at both 1.5 T and 3 T and is seen to resonate at 3.5 ppm chemical shift (right of the choline peak).
Myo-inositol is a precursor of both phosphatidylinositol (the major inositol-containing phospholipid) and phosphatidylinos...
Article
Prostate MRI protocol
Prostate MRI has become an increasingly frequent examination faced in daily radiological practice and is usually acquired as either multiparametric or biparametric MRI of the prostate.
This article aims to outline the concept of an MRI protocol for the assessment of the prostate.
Recommendatio...
Article
CT pancreas (protocol)
The CT pancreas protocol serves as an outline for a dedicated examination of the pancreas. As a separate examination, it is usually conducted as a biphasic contrast study and might be conducted as a part of other scans such as CT abdomen-pelvis, CT chest-abdomen-pelvis.
Note: This article aims...
Article
Particle therapy
Particle therapy (also known as hadronic therapy) is the generic term used for any type of external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) employing high-energy particles. Currently proton therapy accounts for most of this type of EBRT. Although strictly a form of particle therapy, electron therapy is usually...
Article
CT pelvis (protocol)
The CT pelvis protocol serves as an outline for the acquisition of a pelvic CT. As a separate examination, it might be performed as a non-contrast or contrast study or might be combined with a CT hip or rarely with a CT cystogram. A pelvic CT might be also conducted as a part of other scans such...
Article
CT chest abdomen-pelvis (protocol)
The CT chest-abdomen-pelvis protocol serves as an outline for an examination of the trunk covering the chest, abdomen and pelvis. It is one of the most common CT examinations conducted in routine and emergencies. It can be combined with a CT angiogram.
Note: This article aims to frame a genera...
Article
Radiation-induced lung cancer
Radiation-induced lung cancers are a potential long-term complication of radiotherapy to the chest.
Besides lung cancer, sarcomas (osteosarcomas are the most common arising from the irradiated bones, and malignant fibrous histiocytomas the most frequently arising from the soft tissues), breast...
Article
Pion therapy
Pion therapy is a form of particle therapy employing pions. Pions, or to give them their full name, negatively-charged pi mesons (π-), are a type of meson. Pion therapy is currently not used as a treatment modality due to its great expense and lack of clinical efficacy 1,2.
Article
Neutron therapy
Neutron therapy is a form of particle therapy using neutrons as the energy-carrying particle. The therapy has shown promise for some malignancies but there have also been problems with accurate dose distributions and late complications. Some of these problems historically were thought to be - at...
Article
Effect of insulin on FDG-PET
Insulin administration has an effect on FDG-PET by affecting the biodistribution of the radiotracer, F-18-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), the FDG organic ligand being an analog of glucose, posing a challenge for imaging those with diabetes mellitus.
FDG-PET-CT is a hybrid imaging modality commonly us...
Article
Radiation-induced carcinogenesis
Radiation-induced carcinogenesis is widely but not universally believed to occur at exposures from ionizing radiation used in medical imaging. It is thought to be a stochastic effect of ionizing radiation, with the linear no-threshold theory (LNT) proposing no "safe" level of radiation exposure,...
Article
Samarium-153
Samarium-153 (Sm-153) is a radioisotope used in metabolic radiotherapy for the treatment of pain from bone metastases. It is produced in nuclear reactors, by neutron irradiation of samarium-152 (Sm-152 Sm2O3).
Samarium-153 decays by emitting both beta minus particles and gamma photons with a ch...
Article
Choline C-11
Carbon-11-choline (choline C-11 or 11C-choline) is the most studied isotope carbon-11 PET radiopharmaceutical. The molecule is used for oncologic Imaging 1-4. Choline is one of the components of phosphatidylcholine, a fundamental element of cell membrane phospholipids 5. Cancer cells tend to ha...
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