Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
496 results found
Article
Musculoskeletal imaging (dual-energy CT)
Dual-energy CT has a number of clinical applications in the assessment of the musculoskeletal system particularly in the realm of artefact reduction and material composition.
Detection of bone marrow edema
Similar to the concept of using virtual non-contrast imaging, virtual non-calcium images...
Article
Normal gastrointestinal tract imaging examples
This article lists examples of normal imaging of the gastrointestinal tract and surrounding structures, divided by modality.
Plain radiograph
abdominal film
example 1
example 2: erect and supine
example 3: pediatric
example 4: pediatric
example 5: young adult male
Barium studies
barium ...
Article
Whole-body CT (protocol)
CT polytrauma/multitrauma, also called trauma CT, whole body CT (WBCT) or panscan, is an increasingly used investigation in patients with multiple injuries sustained after significant trauma.
The majority of the evidence regarding whole-body CT is, understandably, retrospective. There is some e...
Article
Noise power spectrum
The noise power spectrum (NPS), also known as the power spectral density, of a signal, is the Fourier transform of the noise autocorrelation. It gives the intensity of noise as a function of spatial frequency. It is used in all the main radiological modalities, most commonly x-ray-based, i.e. ra...
Article
Epidermal inclusion cyst
Epidermal inclusion cysts or epidermal cysts are common cutaneous lesions that represent proliferation of squamous epithelium within a confined space in the dermis or subdermis.
Terminology
These are occasionally termed sebaceous cysts, although this is a misnomer as the lesion does not origin...
Article
Cervical spine (AP view)
The anteroposterior (AP) cervical spine projection is part of the cervical spine series.
Indications
This projection helps to visualize pathology relating to C3-C7 in the anatomical position, demonstrating any compression fractures, clay-shoveler fractures and herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP) ...
Article
Hand (bilateral PA view)
The bilateral PA view is merely a single film that includes both hands, side by side. Although convenient, research in 2023 showed that the distortion due to divergent rays when imaging bilaterally can impact diagnosis and x-raying the hands individually is preferred at a minimal dose increase 1...
Article
Air gap technique (general radiography)
The utilization of the air gap technique in general radiography is limited due to the need for equipment facilitation to create the air gap when it is not inherent in the standard technique.
Horizontal-beam lateral hip
There are many different methods of performing the horizontal beam lateral ...
Article
Normal genitourinary tract imaging examples
This article lists examples of normal imaging of the genitourinary tract and surrounding structures, divided by modality.
Kidneys
Plain radiograph
KUB: example
abdominal x-ray: example
Intravenous Urogram / Pyelogram (IVU/IVP)
IVU: example 1, example 2
Ultrasound
renal ultrasound: exampl...
Article
Digital breast tomosynthesis
Digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) is an imaging technique that allows a volumetric reconstruction of the whole breast from a finite number of low-dose two-dimensional projections obtained by different X-ray tube angles, with a geometric principle very similar to that applied in stratigraphic te...
Article
Pelvis radiograph (pediatric)
The radiography of the pelvis in the pediatric patient varies greatly from the adult examination; particularly as specialized techniques are often required to immobilize the patient. To avoid future mobility and pain complications, it is essential to treat fractures and correct developmental pat...
Article
Practical radiography: A Hand-Book of the Applications of the X-Rays
The book Practical radiography: A Hand-Book of the Applications of the X-Rays was the first ever textbook on x-rays anywhere in the world. It was written by H Snowden Ward and first published in May 1896 by Dawbarn & Ward. This is a mere six months after Wilhelm Roentgen's discovery of x-rays.
...
Article
Orbitomeatal line
The orbitomeatal line, also known as the canthomeatal line, was the traditional axial plane used for CT of the brain. It was easily identified on the inspection of the patient's head when tilting the gantry or patient's head to achieve a standard axial plane.
The orbitomeatal line was defined ...
Article
Normal lower limb imaging examples
This page lists examples of normal imaging of the lower limb, divided by region and modality.
Pelvic girdle
plain radiograph
pelvis
example 1: frontal
example 2: pediatric
example 3: pediatric (9 months, 11 months, and older child)
example 4: trauma supine
example 5: frontal (female)
ex...
Article
Normal hepatobiliary imaging examples
This article lists examples of normal imaging of the liver and biliary tree and surrounding structures, divided by region and modality.
Liver
Plain radiographs
liver silhouette: example
Ultrasound
liver ultrasound
example 1 with shear wave elastography
liver Doppler ultrasound: example ne...
Article
Pediatric scaphoid (axial view)
The scaphoid axial view in pediatrics examines the scaphoid bone in its true anatomical position. Since minimizing radiation dose is essential in pediatric imaging, one posteroanterior angled view of the scaphoid is usually sufficient. The scaphoid bone begins ossification at age 5 years and com...
Article
F-18 DOPA
F-18 DOPA (3,4-dihydroxy-6-[18F]fluoro-L-phenylalanine) is a PET radiotracer primarily used in the evaluation of neuropsychiatric diseases, movement disorders, and brain malignancies 1.
Production
L-DOPA is the non-proteinogenic amino acid precursor to dopamine, with F-18 DOPA usually being s...
Article
Lipoma
Lipomas are benign tumors composed of mature adipocytes. They are the most common soft tissue tumor, seen in ~2% of the population.
Epidemiology
Patients typically present in adulthood (5th-7th decades).
Associations
In some cases, multiple lipomas are associated with syndromes and other di...
Article
Pleomorphic adenoma of the salivary glands
Pleomorphic adenomas of the salivary glands, also known as benign mixed tumors (see below), are the most common salivary gland tumors. The salivary glands are the most common site of pleomorphic adenomas.
On imaging, they commonly present as well-circumscribed rounded masses, most commonly loca...
Article
Chest (lateral view)
The lateral chest view examines the lungs, bony thoracic cavity, mediastinum, and great vessels.
Indications
This orthogonal view to a frontal chest radiograph may be performed as an adjunct in cases where there is diagnostic uncertainty. The lateral chest view can be particularly useful in as...
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