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Lipoma

Lipomas are benign tumors composed of mature adipocytes. They are the most common soft tissue tumor, seen in ~2% of the population. Epidemiology Patients typically present in adulthood (5th-7th decades). Associations In some cases, multiple lipomas are associated with syndromes and other di...

Normal gastrointestinal tract imaging examples

This article lists examples of normal imaging of the gastrointestinal tract and surrounding structures, divided by modality. Plain radiograph abdominal film example 1 example 2: erect and supine example 3: pediatric example 4: pediatric example 5: young adult male Barium studies barium ...

Gastro-esophageal reflux grading

Gastro-oesophagal reflux grading is based on the vertical height that contrast-media reaches during fluoroscopy 1: grade I: reflux in the distal esophagus grade II: reflux up to or just above the carina grade III: reflux into cervical esophagus grade IV: reflux in the cervical esophagus with...

Esophageal foreign bodies

Esophageal foreign bodies are frequently encountered in clinical practice, representing the most common site for ingested foreign bodies or food impaction within the gastrointestinal tract. This article discusses esophageal foreign bodies; a general view of the theme is available in the main a...

Double contrast barium enema technique

Double contrast barium enema (DCBE) technique is a method of imaging the colon with fluoroscopy. "Double contrast" refers to imaging with the positive contrast of barium sulfate contrast medium (rarely water-soluble iodinated contrast) as well as with the negative contrast of gas (CO2 preferable...

Timed barium esophagogram

The timed barium esophagogram (TBO) is a simple physiologic assessment and objective method for assessing the esophageal emptying used in patients with suspected achalasia and to evaluate and follow up patients who have been treated with myotomy or pneumatic dilatation1,3. Technique Several te...

Renal halo sign

The renal halo sign has been described in both acute pancreatitis 1,2 and in renal tumors post radiofrequency ablation 3. Radiographic features Plain radiograph On abdominal x-rays, the lateral margin of the kidney becomes visible due to differential x-ray absorption of perirenal fat and pan...

CT gastrointenstinal bleed (protocol)

A CT gastro-intestinal bleed protocol utilizes a multiphasic technique to detect active gastrointestinal bleeding (as well as other potential non-bleeding bowel disease 1. Note: This article is a general guideline for evaluating CT gastrointestinal bleeds. Protocol factors are variable as they...

Abdominal radiography

Abdominal radiography can be useful in many settings. Before the advent of CT, it was a primary means of investigating gastrointestinal pathology and often allowed indirect evaluation of other abdominal viscera. Indications Although abdominal radiography has lower sensitivity and specificity t...

Abdomen (lateral decubitus view)

The lateral decubitus abdominal radiograph is used to identify free intraperitoneal gas (pneumoperitoneum). It can be performed when the patient is unable to be transferred to, or other imaging modalities (e.g. CT) are not available. The most useful position for detecting free intraperitoneal ai...

Peroral pneumocolon

Peroral pneumocolon is a technique that can be used during a small bowel follow through (SBFT) to better visualize the ascending colon and terminal ileum. Procedure The goal of a peroral pneumocolon is to create a double contrast study (oral contrast and gas) of the ascending colon and termina...

Whole-body CT (protocol)

CT polytrauma/multitrauma, also called trauma CT, whole body CT (WBCT) or panscan, is an increasingly used investigation in patients with multiple injuries sustained after significant trauma. The majority of the evidence regarding whole-body CT is, understandably, retrospective. There is some e...

Portal venous phase

The portal venous phase, also known as the late portal phase or hepatic phase, is a contrast-enhanced CT or MRI series that has the following characteristics: liver parenchyma is at its peak enhancement with a density >110 HU (an increase of at least 50 HU from the unenhanced baseline)1,2 ...

Late arterial phase

The late arterial phase, also known as the corticomedullary phase or early venous portal phase, is a contrast-enhanced CT or MRI series, in which there is an optimal enhancement of structures that get their blood supply directly from the arterial system. The standard characteristics for this ph...

Pediatric abdomen (AP supine view)

The AP supine abdominal radiograph is a routine view when imaging the pediatric abdomen. This view may be taken alongside the PA erect and lateral decubitus views. As radiation protection is an essential consideration in pediatrics, some departmental protocols may only perform one view (either t...

Pediatric abdomen (prone cross-table lateral view)

The prone cross-table lateral view is an additional projection to demonstrate the pediatric abdomen and is a more ideal alternative to the invertogram, which may be less comfortable for the patient. This discomfort may result in a continuously crying baby, causing the puborectalis sling to contr...

Pediatric abdomen (invertogram view)

The invertogram view is an additional projection to demonstrate the pediatric abdomen and is often used exclusively in characterizing anal atresia. However, as this view may be less comfortable for the patient and result in a more technically challenging examination, a more ideal alternative tec...

Neonatal abdominal radiograph (supine view)

AP supine radiograph for neonates is a mobile examination performed on the neonatal unit. It can be taken as a standalone projection or as part of a series including a left lateral decubitus x-ray in cases of suspected perforation. Patient position the patient is supine, lying on their bac...

Abdomen radiograph (pediatric)

The abdomen radiograph is a commonly requested examination in the pediatric patient. Children that present for abdominal x-rays are often very unwell, therefore specialized techniques and appropriate communication are essential for gaining the child's cooperation. Indications Performing abdom...

Abdomen (oblique view)

AP oblique supine radiograph is a projection often used in barium studies and foreign body localization. Indications This view is normally performed when localizing foreign bodies or lines within the abdominal cavity. Additionally, the oblique abdominal series can be utilized in the assessment...

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