Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
620 results found
Article
Round ligament varicosities
Round ligament varicosities are dilated and tortuous veins in the round ligament, these are rare although most commonly seen during pregnancy and the postpartum period. They constitute an important differential diagnosis for inguinal masses as to avoid unnecessary surgery and associated complica...
Article
Cloverleaf sign (deep infiltrating endometriosis)
The cloverleaf sign is an MRI sign of deep infiltrating endometriosis described in one case series 1. It is detectable on T2W sequences in sagittal, coronal, and axial planes when at least three organs (uterus, ovaries, rectum, bowel loops, etc.) are brought closer by constrictive adhesions and ...
Article
Uterine prolapse
Uterine prolapse is a form of pelvic organ prolapse and can fall under a broader umbrella term of pelvic floor dysfunction. It may occur in isolation or in combination with other organs (i.e rectal prolapse +/- urinary bladder prolapse).
Epidemiology
Typically occurs in multiparous older femal...
Article
Anal sphincter injury
Anal sphincter injury is a form of perineal trauma that can involve internal or external anal sphincters and may extend to the anorectal mucosa in severe cases.
This article is focusing on the most common type of anal sphincter injury that is associated with vaginal delivery, and represents thi...
Article
Ahumada-Del Castillo syndrome
Ahumada-Del Castillo syndrome is a rare endocrine disorder affecting adult females, which is characterized by galactorrhea-amenorrhea not associated with pregnancy with estrogen deficiency and decreased urinary gonadotropin levels.
Clinical presentation
lactation not associated with breastfeed...
Article
Gliomatosis peritonei
Gliomatosis peritonei is very rare and is characterized by the implantation of benign mature glial tissue in the peritoneum, omentum, and/or lymph nodes. It is usually associated with ovarian teratoma, although has rarely been seen with other teratomas 1-4.
Rarely gliomatosis peritonei has also...
Article
Intrauterine device fragmentation
Intrauterine device fragmentation is a rare complication that can be encountered with an intrauterine device. It is usually broken and fragmented during expulsion or removal, including embedded retrieval strings.
Radiographic features
Ultrasound
If it occurs during removal, the fragment may b...
Article
Hand-foot-genital syndrome
Hand-foot-genital syndrome (previously known as hand-foot-uterus syndrome) refers to a rare hereditary disorder with abnormalities involving the hands, feet and uterus.
Hand-foot-genital syndrome should not be confused with:
hand-foot syndrome (sickle cell disease)
hand-foot-and-mouth disease...
Article
Menstrual cup
The menstrual cup is a reusable silicone device designed to be an alternative to tampons and sanitary pads. Various different brands are available but they all have the same shape.
It can be observed on all forms of abdominal imaging and it is worth being familiar with its normal appearances.
...
Article
Arias-Stella reaction
An Arias-Stella reaction is a common gynecological histological finding in curettage specimens of gestational endometrium describing a non-neoplastic lesion that is easily confused with uterine malignancy 1,2.
Pathology
An Arias-Stella reaction is due to hormonal hyperstimulation causing atypi...
Article
Lippes loop contraceptive device
Lippes loops are a type of an intrauterine device (IUD). It is a flexible polyethylene plastic trapezoidal loop meant for long-term use.
Radiographic features
Plain radiograph
Radiopaque serpiginous material visualized within the mid-pelvis in an anterior posterior pelvic x-ray is the hallmar...
Article
Endosalpingiosis
Endosalpingiosis refers to the presence of ciliated, glandular epithelium resembling the inner lining of the fallopian tube located in an ectopic location. The condition may present as cystic structures usually implanted on the peritoneal serosa 1.
Epidemiology
Endosalpingiosis is considered a...
Article
Ovarian S/A ratio
The ovarian stromal area to total ovarian area (S/A) ratio is an imaging parameter usually measured on transvaginal ultrasound on a single plane. It is often taken as one of the criteria for polycystic ovarian morphology. A strict cut off value can not been accepted although several publications...
Article
FIGO classification system for uterine leiomyoma
The FIGO classification system for uterine leiomyoma (fibroids) classifies uterine leiomyomas based on location.
Usage
This classification system was developed for clinical and research purposes 2, however, in clinical use, there is significant variation in agreement 3.
Classification
Submuc...
Article
Normal imaging examples
This article lists examples of normal imaging divided by body region and system.
brain
head and neck
spine
chest
breast
gastrointestinal
genitourinary
hepatobiliary
upper limb
lower limb
pediatrics
Article
Enhanced myometrial vascularity
Enhanced myometrial vascularity (EMV), often misdiagnosed as an acquired uterine arteriovenous malformation, is the presence of transiently increased blood flow within the uterine myometrium, typically associated with complications of pregnancy.
Terminology
Somewhat confusingly, the term “enh...
Article
Donohue syndrome
Donohue syndrome, also known as leprechaunism, is a rare autosomal recessive form of insulin resistance syndrome with a distinctive phenotype including elfin facies and severe disturbances of glucose homeostasis. It is universally fatal in early childhood.
Epidemiology
Donohue syndrome is very...
Article
Cardinal ligament
The cardinal ligaments, also known as transverse cervical ligaments or Mackenrodt ligaments, are paired structures that act to support the pelvic organs of the female pelvis. These along with the uterosacral and pubocervical ligaments, provide support to prevent pelvic organ prolapse 1.
Gross ...
Article
Yolk sac tumor
Yolk sac tumor (YST), also known as an endodermal sinus tumor, is a type of malignant germ cell tumor.
Epidemiology
Yolk sac tumors usually develop in infants, young children, and young women 1.
Pathology
Yolk sac tumors are non-epithelial tumors of germ-cell origin.
Location
Yolk sac tumo...
Article
Feeding artery sign (endometrial polyp)
Feeding artery sign (a.k.a. pedicle artery sign) refers to the presence of a single feeding artery to endometrial lesion using color/power Doppler on ultrasonography. It is often seen in endometrial polyps 1. The feeding vessel indicates the stalk attachment of the polyp to the uterus.
Endometr...
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