Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
336 results found
Article
Chédiak-Higashi syndrome
Chédiak-Higashi syndrome is a rare, potentially lethal, multisystemic disorder, characterized by congenital immunocompromise with susceptibility to bacterial infections, a bleeding diathesis, partial albinism affecting the skin and eyes, and gradual neurological decline 2,3.
Epidemiology
The e...
Article
Light chain amyloidosis
Amyloid light chain (AL) amyloidosis or immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis is a systemic amyloidosis and a plasma cell proliferative disorder characterized by deposition of misfolded monoclonal kappa or lambda light chains produced by clonal plasma cells 1-6.
Epidemiology
Amyloid light cha...
Article
Leukemoid reaction
A leukemoid reaction refers to a marked increase in white blood cells (>50000 cells/mL), typically neutrophils, which manifests as an acute inflammatory reaction that can mimic leukemia.
Pathology
Leukemoid reactions often occur from accelerated release of cells from the bone marrow.
Features...
Article
Gallbladder lymphoma
Gallbladder lymphoma is exceedingly rare and presents diagnostic challenges due to its imaging characteristics often resembling those of gallbladder adenocarcinoma.
Epidemiology
Primary lymphomas of the gallbladder are extremely rare, accounting for approximately 0.1-0.2% of all malignant tumo...
Article
Hemorrhagic shock and encephalopathy syndrome
Hemorrhagic shock and encephalopathy syndrome (HSES) is a rare pediatric encephalopathy syndrome with a high mortality rate.
Epidemiology
Hemorrhagic shock and encephalopathy syndrome is considered rare, although the exact global incidence and prevalence is not known. The condition occurs in i...
Article
Systemic lupus erythematosus (mnemonic)
A mnemonic to remember the clinical features of systemic lupus erythematosus is:
MD SOAP BRAIN
Mnemonic
M: malar "butterfly" rash
D: discoid rash
S: serositis
O: oral ulcers
A: ANA positive
P: photosensitivity, pleuritis/pericarditis
B: blood (hematologic) abnormality
R: renal disease ...
Article
Anemia of chronic disease
Anemia of chronic disease, also known as anemia of inflammation, is a type of anemia caused by chronic inflammation.
Terminology
According to some sources, the term 'anemia of inflammation' should replace, or has already replaced, the terms 'anemia of chronic disease' and 'anemia of chronic d...
Article
Hereditary elliptocytosis
Hereditary elliptocytosis, also known as hereditary ovalocytosis, is a condition which results from varying genetic mutations that lead to the formation of abnormally shaped red blood cells that are ovoid. It may cause a hemolytic anemia.
Epidemiology
There are various geographic trends for t...
Article
Agammaglobulinemia
Agammaglobulinemia is a rare inherited immunodeficiency disorder, characterized by a complete absence of mature B cells, which can result in severe antibody deficiency and recurrent infections 1. This is in contrast to hypogammaglobulinaemia where there is a reduction in all types of gammaglobul...
Article
Apheresis
Apheresis is an extracorporeal procedure in which the main components of blood (red blood cells, plasma, and plasma proteins) are separated and removed from the body. It is used as therapeutic measure for certain conditions.
Radiological implications
It is one of the indications of placement o...
Article
Yttrium-90 ibritumomab tiuxetan
Yttrium-90 ibritumomab tiuxetan, also known by the trade name Zevalin (Acrotech Biopharma LLC, USA), is a theranostic radiopharmaceutical approved for the treatment of patients with relapsed or refractory low grade or follicular non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). More specifically, it is a radioimmunot...
Article
Lederer-Brill disease
Lederer-Brill disease is a transient autoimmune hemolytic anemia with very variable clinical features 1.
Epidemiology
Lederer-Brill disease is slightly more prevalent in females 1.
Clinical presentation
It usually occurs in children with a recent history of infection. Symptoms and signs incl...
Article
Nezelof syndrome
Nezelof syndrome is a hereditary primary immunodeficiency state caused by thymic dysplasia, lack of T cell function and normal levels of immunoglobulins.
Epidemiology
Nezelof syndrome is extremely rare.
Clinical presentation
Common clinical features include 4,5
failure to thrive
metaphysea...
Article
X-linked agammaglobulinemia
X-linked agammaglobulinemia also known as Bruton disease or is a hereditary condition due to a mutation in the Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) gene located on the long arm of the X-chromosome. BTK is critical in the maturation of pre-B cells to mature B cells.
Clinical presentation
Recurring bact...
Article
Prothrombin 20210 mutation
Prothrombin 20210 mutation is a prothrombotic hematological condition which predisposes individuals to thromboembolic events such as
deep venous thrombosis
cerebral venous thrombosis
cerebrovascular events
pulmonary embolism
Epidemiology
It is considered the second most commonly inherited ...
Article
Splenic ultrasound
Splenic ultrasound is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging method that uses high-frequency sound waves to visualize and assess the size, shape, structure, and potential abnormalities of the spleen.
Indication
trauma: splenic injuries resulting from accidents, sports injuries, or any other form of...
Article
Fat-containing splenic lesions
Fat-containing splenic lesions are rare, and the differential diagnosis is limited.
Differential diagnosis
Neoplastic
splenic hamartoma 1
splenic myelolipoma 2
splenic lipoma
splenic liposarcoma 3
splenic angiomyolipoma
Non-neoplastic
Non-mass and pseudo-lesions may also occasionally co...
Article
Anti Sjögren syndrome related antigen antibodies
Anti Sjögren’s syndrome related antigen antibodies are a group of antibodies against autoantigens which include
Ro/SSA
anti-Ro52
anti-Ro60
La/SSB
They are currently thought to be associated a number of autoimmune conditions.
They were originally identified in patients with
Sjögren syndrom...
Article
Evans syndrome
Evans syndrome is an autoimmune condition with two or more cytopenias, usually caused by autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) and immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), with or without immune neutropenia.
Epidemiology
Evans syndrome is considered rare, with defining bicytopenias present in less than 5% ...
Article
Disseminated histoplasmosis
Disseminated histoplasmosis, also known as progressive disseminated histoplasmosis, is a severe form of histoplasmosis infection typically seen in immunosuppressed patients, especially in the setting of HIV infection. It results from hematogenous dissemination of the infection, involving multipl...
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