Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
620 results found
Article
1-2-3 rule (ovary)
The 1-2-3 rule is a simple aide-mémoire describing the nomenclature of any small simple anechoic cystic appearing structure within an ovary on ultrasound:
<1 cm = follicle
1-2 cm = dominant follicle
>3 cm = cyst
Article
3D ultrasound
Three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound is a technique that converts standard 2D grayscale ultrasound images into a volumetric dataset. The 3D image can then be reviewed retrospectively. The technique was developed for problem-solving (particularly in obstetric/gynecologic exams) and to potentially re...
Article
Abdominal and pelvic anatomy
Abdominal and pelvic anatomy encompasses the anatomy of all structures of the abdominal and pelvic cavities.
This anatomy section promotes the use of the Terminologia Anatomica, the international standard of anatomical nomenclature.
Article
Abdominal distension (mnemonic)
A mnemonic for causes of abdominal distension (6 Fs) is:
F: fat
F: fluid
F: flatus
F: feces
F: fetus
F: fulminant mass
Article
Abdominal pain in pregnancy protocol (MRI)
The abdominal pain in pregnancy MRI protocol encompasses a set of MRI sequences for assessment of causes of non-traumatic abdominal pain in pregnancy.
Note: This article aims to frame a general concept of an MRI protocol for the assessment of the abdomen in pregnancy. Protocol specifics will va...
Article
Abdominal surface anatomy
Abdominal surface anatomy can be described when viewed from in front of the abdomen in 2 ways:
divided into 9 regions by two vertical and two horizontal imaginary planes
divided into 4 quadrants by single vertical and horizontal imaginary planes
These regions and quadrants are of clinical imp...
Article
Abnormally thickened endometrium (differential)
Abnormally thickened endometrium on imaging may occur for a number of reasons which may be categorized based on whether or not they are related to pregnancy. Etiologies may also be classified based on whether the patient is premenopausal or postmenopausal.
Differential diagnosis
Pregnancy-rela...
Article
Abscess
Abscesses are focal confined collections of suppurative inflammatory material and can be thought of as having three components 1:
a central core consisting of necrotic inflammatory cells and local tissue
peripheral halo of viable neutrophils
surrounded by a 'capsule' with dilated blood vessel...
Article
Accessory and cavitated uterine mass
Accessory and cavitated uterine mass (ACUM), also known as non-communicating accessory uterine cavity or cystic adenomyoma, is a rare uterine anomaly comprised of an accessory uterus-like mass in the uterus along the wall but with no communication to the main uterus.
Clinical presentation
This...
Article
Acute abdominal pain
Acute abdominal pain is a common acute presentation in clinical practice. It encompasses a very broad range of possible etiologies and diagnoses, and imaging is routinely employed as the primary investigative tool in its modern management.
Terminology
A subgroup of patients with acute abdomina...
Article
Acute appendicitis
Acute appendicitis is an acute inflammation of the vermiform appendix. It is a very common condition in general radiology practice and is one of the main reasons for abdominal surgery in young patients. CT is the most sensitive modality to detect appendicitis.
Terminology
Acute appendicitis (p...
Article
Acute non-traumatic abdominal pain in pregnancy
Acute non-traumatic abdominal pain in pregnancy requires a considered imaging approach due to the increased risks of fetal demise associated with undiagnosed diseases such as perforated acute appendicitis. Ultrasound is the first-line modality due to its wide availability and ability to diagnose...
Article
Acute pelvic pain
Acute pelvic pain is a common presenting symptom to the emergency department and radiologist. Pelvic ultrasound with transabdominal and endovaginal approaches is usually the first line imaging modality.
Clinical presentation
non-cyclical pain usually of more acute onset
pain of <3 months dura...
Article
Adenocarcinoma (endometrium)
Endometrial adenocarcinoma (EAC) is the commonest histological subtype of endometrial cancer and accounts for up to 90% of such cases 1.
Pathology
Histological subtypes
endometrioid carcinoma
serous adenocarcinoma of the endometrium
clear cell adenocarcinoma of the endometrium
mixed adeno...
Article
Adenocarcinoma of the cervix
Adenocarcinoma of the cervix is a histological subtype of carcinoma of the cervix.
Epidemiology
Cervical adenocarcinoma is less common than squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) of the cervix, accounting for ~12.5% of all cervical cancer. Their proportionate prevalence is thought to be increasing an...
Article
Adenoma malignum of the cervix
Adenoma malignum of the cervix, also referred to as minimal deviation carcinoma / minimal deviation adenocarcinoma, is considered a rare variant of cervical mucinous adenocarcinoma.
Epidemiology
It is thought to represent ~1-3% of all cervical adenocarcinomas. It can present in a wide age gro...
Article
Adenomatous endometrial hyperplasia
Adenomatous endometrial hyperplasia is a type of endometrial hyperplasia.
Epidemiology
The peak incidence is around 40-50 years of age.
Pathology
Both endogenous and exogenous estrogen exposure are considered important factors in its etiology 1.
Article
Adenomyoma
An adenomyoma is a focal region of adenomyosis resulting in a mass, which is difficult to distinguish from a uterine fibroid, although in general the degree to which the contour of the uterus is distorted is less marked in adenomyosis 2. Additionally, the 'mass' is poorly defined and blends with...
Article
Adenomyomatous endometrial polyp
An adenomyomatous polyp of the endometrium is a rare form of endometrial polyp and comprises of a pedunculated lesion that contains smooth muscle in addition to the usual components of an endometrial polyp. On outer examination, they may be difficult to differentiate from ordinary endometrial po...
Article
Adenomyosis
Adenomyosis (or uterine adenomyosis) is a common uterine condition of ectopic endometrial tissue in the myometrium, sometimes considered a spectrum of endometriosis. Although most commonly asymptomatic, it may present with menorrhagia and dysmenorrhea.
Pelvic imaging (i.e. ultrasound, MRI) may ...
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