Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
700 results found
Article
Anderson and Montesano classification of occipital condyle fractures
The Anderson and Montesano classification is a widely used system for describing occipital condyle fractures. It divides injuries into three types based on morphology and mechanism of injury 1-5.
Classification
type I: impacted type occipital condyle fracture
morphology: comminution of the co...
Article
Subtalar dislocation
Subtalar dislocations is the simultaneous dislocation of the talonavicular and talocalcaneal joints, without tibiotalar or talar neck fractures 1.
Epidemiology
Subtalar dislocations comprise 1-2% of all dislocations.
Pathology
Mechanism
Subtalar dislocations are often associated with high e...
Article
Extradural hematoma vs subdural hematoma
Differentiating extradural (EDH) from subdural (SDH) hemorrhage in the head is usually straightforward, but occasionally it can be challenging. SDHs are more common and there are a few distinguishing features which are usually reliable.
Pathology
History and mechanism of injury
Extradural hem...
Article
Toddler fracture
A toddler fracture is a minimally displaced or undisplaced spiral fracture, usually of the tibia, typically encountered in toddlers. It is a potentially difficult diagnosis to establish on account of both the symptoms and imaging findings being subtle.
Terminology
The term has sometimes also b...
Article
Tension pneumothorax
Tension pneumothoraces occur when intrapleural air accumulates progressively with hemodynamic compromise 10. It is a life-threatening occurrence requiring both rapid recognition and prompt treatment to avoid a cardiorespiratory arrest.
For a general discussion, refer to the pneumothorax article...
Article
AO/OTA classification of pelvic ring fractures
The AO/OTA classification is one of the systems for classifying pelvic ring fractures. Like other fractures, they are divided into three groups subject to the severity and complexity of the respective injury 1:
type A: intact posterior arch
A1: a pelvic or innominate bone avulsion fracture
A1...
Article
Stove-in chest
A stove-in chest is a rare and complex type of flail chest injury where the flail segment collapses into the chest. It is usually due to severe blunt trauma to the chest wall and is rarely encountered in imaging or emergency medicine due to the high mortality at the scene. It may evolve over day...
Article
Pooping duck sign
Pooping duck sign indicates the presence of a triquetral fracture on a lateral wrist radiograph, where an avulsed fracture fragment from the dorsal cortex of the triquetrum projects along the dorsal aspect of the osseous structures of the wrist.
In this sign, the fracture fragment represents th...
Article
Navicular fracture
Navicular fractures, along with cuboid fractures, form the most common isolated mid-foot fractures.
Epidemiology
Navicular fractures are responsible for approximately 5% of all foot fractures and 35% of all midfoot fractures 7.
Clinical presentation
May present with pain, swelling or hemato...
Article
CT hip (protocol)
The CT hip protocol serves as an examination for the evaluation of the hip joint. It is often performed as a non-contrast study. However, it can be combined with a CT arthrogram for the evaluation of chondral and/or labral tears or a femoral neck version scan.
Note: This article aims to frame a...
Article
Lisfranc injury
Lisfranc injuries, also called Lisfranc fracture-dislocations, are the most common type of dislocation involving the foot and correspond to the dislocation of the articulation of the tarsus with the metatarsal bases.
Pathology
Anatomy
The Lisfranc joint articulates the tarsus with the metatar...
Article
Avulsion injury
Avulsion injuries or fractures occur where the joint capsule, ligament, tendon or muscle attachment site is pulled off from the bone, usually taking a fragment of cortical bone. Avulsion fractures are commonly distracted due to the high tensile forces involved. There are numerous sites at which ...
Article
Pulmonary laceration
Pulmonary lacerations result from frank laceration of lung parenchyma secondary to trauma. There is almost always concurrent contusion.
Epidemiology
Contusions and lacerations follow blunt or penetrating chest trauma, and are almost always seen with other chest (and abdominal) injuries. While ...
Article
Clival fracture
Clival fractures are uncommon skull base fractures resulting from high-energy cranial trauma and are usually associated with other skull vault fractures and brain injuries.
For a general discussion, please refer to the article on basilar fractures of the skull.
Epidemiology
Most fractures of ...
Article
Diffuse axonal injury (grading)
Grading of diffuse axonal injury due to trauma is described according to the anatomic distribution of injury. Contrary to the implication of the word "diffuse," diffuse axonal injury has a topological predilection for focal involvement of certain sites in the brain. These sites, in turn, vary in...
Article
Knee dislocation
Knee dislocations are rare, but a significant number have a serious associated neurovascular injury. This article discusses tibiofemoral joint dislocation. Please see separate articles for discussion of medial and lateral patellar dislocations.
Epidemiology
They account for <0.5% of all joint...
Article
Facial fractures
Facial fractures are commonly caused by blunt or penetrating trauma at moderate or high levels of force. Such injuries may be sustained during a fall, physical assault, motor vehicle collision, or gunshot wound. The facial bones are thin and relatively fragile, making them susceptible to injury....
Article
Seymour fracture
The Seymour fracture is a clinically important subtype of mallet finger type injury. The Seymour fracture is comprised of a distal phalanx physeal fracture that has an associated nail bed injury commonly with ungual subluxation.
Clinical presentation
The skeletally-immature patient presents wi...
Article
Acute aortic syndrome
Acute aortic syndrome describes the presentation of patients with one of a number of life-threatening aortic pathologies that give rise to similar clinical presentations.
Exactly which entities are included under the umbrella term acute aortic syndrome varies somewhat from publication to public...
Article
Pellegrini-Stieda lesion
Pellegrini-Stieda lesions refer to ossified post-traumatic lesions at (or near) the medial femoral collateral ligament adjacent to the margin of the medial femoral condyle. One presumed mechanism of injury is a Stieda fracture (avulsion injury of the medial collateral ligament at the medial femo...
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