Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
16,873 results found
Article
Radial scar
Radial scar, or complex sclerosing lesion, is a rosette-like proliferative breast lesion. It is not related to surgical scarring. Some authors, however, reserve the latter term to lesions over 1 cm 5.
It is an idiopathic process with sclerosing ductal hyperplasia.
Its significance is that it...
Article
Uteroplacental blood flow assessment
Uteroplacental blood flow assessment is an important part of fetal well-being assessment and evaluates Doppler flow in the uterine arteries and rarely the ovarian arteries.
Pathology
In a non-gravid state and at the very start of pregnancy the flow in the uterine artery is of high pulsatility ...
Article
Elevated prolactin (differential)
Elevated prolactin can be due to a number of causes, including elevated production/secretion as well as reduced inhibition.
Prolactin is controlled by numerous homeostatic mechanisms, with tonic secretion of prolactin inhibitory hormone (dopamine) by the hypothalamus having a dominant effect 1...
Article
Benign post-traumatic pseudopneumoperitoneum
Benign post-traumatic pseudopneumoperitoneum is the presence of ectopic gas typically between the 5th-10th intercostal spaces after high-energy trauma in the absence of other causes of pseudopneumoperitoneum such as pneumomediastinum 9.
Epidemiology
Occurs with an incidence of 5% post-trauma...
Article
Ectopic posterior pituitary
An ectopic posterior pituitary reflects a disruption of normal embryogenesis of the posterior pituitary and is one of the more common causes of pituitary dwarfism. Although it can be an isolated abnormality, numerous other congenital central nervous system malformations have been identified. Whe...
Article
Pharyngeal plexus
The pharyngeal plexus lies on the posterolateral wall of the pharynx, mainly over the middle pharyngeal constrictor and is the main motor and sensory nerve supply to the muscles of the pharynx and soft palate and acts to coordinate swallowing and speech 1-7.
Summary
location: within the extern...
Article
CT intravenous contrast media
Intravenous contrast media used in CT (often shortened to IV contrast) are a type of contrast media. These are a large group of chemical preparations developed to aid in the characterization of pathology by improving the ability of an imaging modality to differentiate between different biologica...
Article
Prosthetic heart valve
Prosthetic heart valves are common. The four valves of the heart may all be surgically replaced. However, the aortic and mitral valves are the most commonly replaced.
Replacements may be tissue or metallic valves, only the latter being visualized on imaging investigations. Sometimes the annulus...
Article
Superior petrosal vein
The superior petrosal vein, also known as Dandy’s vein or simply the petrosal vein, is the largest vein in the posterior cranial fossa, draining the anterior aspect of the cerebellum and brainstem into the superior petrosal sinus.
Gross anatomy
Each superior petrosal vein is usually formed by...
Article
Percutaneous renal biopsy
Percutaneous renal biopsy, utilizing either ultrasound or CT, allows for an accurate, reliable method of acquiring renal tissue for histopathological assessment.
The biopsy may be of a native or transplant kidney. It is divided into two types:
non-focal or non-targeted
focal or targeted (i.e....
Article
Pelvis radiograph (pediatric)
The radiography of the pelvis in the pediatric patient varies greatly from the adult examination; particularly as specialized techniques are often required to immobilize the patient. To avoid future mobility and pain complications, it is essential to treat fractures and correct developmental pat...
Article
Practical radiography: A Hand-Book of the Applications of the X-Rays
The book Practical radiography: A Hand-Book of the Applications of the X-Rays was the first ever textbook on x-rays anywhere in the world. It was written by H Snowden Ward and first published in May 1896 by Dawbarn & Ward. This is a mere six months after Wilhelm Roentgen's discovery of x-rays.
...
Article
Cartilage injury (overview)
The term cartilage injury or articular cartilage injury summarizes a spectrum of different cartilage lesions that are usually used in the context of hyaline cartilage damage within diarthrodial joints.
In a narrower sense, the term cartilage injury describes types of articular injury with spari...
Article
Wearable biosensors
Wearable biosensors are portable electronic devices that enable real-time monitoring and feedback to the user on various biological and physiological indicators. It has been suggested that they could revolutionise personalised healthcare and home management of patients by enabling continuous mon...
Article
Embryonic growth discordance
Embryonic growth discordance is a term given to a twin growth discordance occurring during the early embryonic period. It is principally manifested by a discrepancy in crown rump length. It is considered independent of the chorionicity of the twins 5.
Epidemiology
Embryonic growth discordance...
Article
Reticuloendothelial MRI contrast agents
Reticuloendothelial MRI contrast agents can best be discussed in terms of those used for liver and spleen imaging and those for lymph node imaging.
Liver and spleen
The use of Gd-DTPA with routine imaging sequences of the liver is unsatisfactory. Particulate contrast agents targeted to the ret...
Article
Incisivus labii inferioris muscle
The incisivus labii inferioris muscle (TA: pars labialis musculi orbicularis oris) is one of the facial muscles. It acts as a supplementary muscle to the orbicularis oris muscle.
Terminology
The incisivus labii inferioris muscle is often omitted from major anatomical texts or articles on the f...
Article
Papillary intralymphatic angioendothelioma
Papillary intralymphatic angioendothelioma (PILA) (also known - especially historically - as a Dabska tumor) is a rare, low-grade soft tissue tumor 1. The lesion is borderline-malignant and metastasis is distinctly unusual.
Epidemiology
Less than 40 cases have been reported in the global liter...
Article
Spinal epidermoid cyst
Spinal epidermoid cysts are cystic tumors lined by squamous epithelium. Unlike dermoid cysts, they do not contain skin appendages (hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands). They are usually extramedullary but rarely can be intramedullary. They may be congenital or acquired.
This article ...
Article
Python (programming language)
Python is a high-level, general-purpose computer programming language. Initially, Python was created by Dutch computer programmer Guido van Rossum and was first released in 1991. The version 3.7.4 (which is the most stable release as of July 2019) Python language has objects and associated mach...