Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
337 results found
Article
Red blood cells
Red blood cells (RBCs), also known as erythrocytes (or rarely haematids), are cells that carry oxygen by means of hemoglobin, and form part of the cellular component of blood as it circulates throughout the body. These extremely common cells are typically made in the bone marrow in a process cal...
Article
Trousseau syndrome
Trousseau syndrome is an inconsistently defined entity which broadly represents the association between thromboembolism and malignancy, often prior to or concomitantly with the diagnosis of the underlying malignancy 1.
The syndrome has been variably defined to include entities such as migratory...
Article
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (abdominal complications)
Abdominal complications of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation can occur early (0-100 days) or late (>100 days) post-transplant.
Complications
Early
bacterial infections, e.g. pseudomembranous colitis
fungal infections, often affecting the esophagus or as hepatic/splenic microabscesses
...
Article
Secondary involvement of the pleura with lymphoma
Secondary involvement of the pleura with lymphoma (secondary pleural lymphoma) is very common, occurring in ~20% of lymphomas. It may be a result of an extension of lymphoma into the visceral or parietal pleura or be a complicating pleural effusion and is a poor prognostic factor.
Epidemiology...
Article
Primary pleural lymphoma
Primary pleural lymphoma is extremely rare, especially in immunocompetent patients.
Epidemiology
Primary pleural lymphoma accounts for <0.5% of all non-Hodgkin lymphoma 2 and ~2.5% of primary chest wall tumors 4.
Pathology
Primary pleural lymphoma may be Hodgkin or non-Hodgkin lymphoma with...
Article
Hepatosplenomegaly
Hepatosplenomegaly is simply the simultaneous presence of a pathologically-enlarged liver (hepatomegaly) and spleen (splenomegaly).
Pathology
Etiology
Infection
Many infections can produce a mild concurrent enlargement of the liver and spleen. This list is by no means exhaustive.
viral
EBV...
Article
Primary ovarian lymphoma
Primary ovarian lymphoma (POL) refers to the involvement of the ovary with lymphoma but without the involvement of any other site. It is an extremely rare yet well-recognized condition.
Epidemiology
Primary ovarian lymphoma accounts for ~1.5% of ovarian tumors 5.
Pathology
The rarity of this...
Article
Pancreatic lymphoma
Pancreatic lymphoma is most commonly a B-cell subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Epidemiology
Pancreatic lymphoma is typically seen in middle-aged patients with a mean age of around 55 years old and is more common in immunocompromised patients.
Clinical presentation
Symptoms are often non-speci...
Article
Sézary syndrome
Sézary syndrome (SS) is a type of primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.
Clinical presentation
It is clinically characterized by an extensive erythematous rash covering most of the body as well as the presence of malignant lymphocytes in the blood.
History and etymology
It is named after Albert...
Article
Hemolytic uremic syndrome
Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is a multisystem thrombotic microangiopathic disease characterized by the triad of renal failure, hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia. It is the most common cause of renal failure in infancy and childhood requiring dialysis.
There are two forms of this syndrom...
Article
Sickle cell disease (abdominal manifestations)
Abdominal manifestations of sickle cell disease (SCD) are wide and can involve many organs.
For a general discussion, please refer to sickle cell disease.
Splenic
splenomegaly
may occur transiently with the sequestration syndrome, where rapid pooling of blood occurs in the spleen, resulting ...
Article
Primary bone lymphoma
Primary bone (skeletal/osseous) lymphoma (PBL) is a less common manifestation of lymphoma than secondary involvement from disseminated lymphoma. It is rare, accounting for <5% of bone tumors and <1% of non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
Terminology
PBL is defined as the presence of lymphoma isolated to one...
Article
Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome
Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome (IHES) is a leukoproliferative disorder and refers to a situation when there is an unexplained prolonged eosinophilia with associated organ system dysfunction.
Pathology
Individuals have prolonged raised total leukocyte counts with raised eosinophil count...
Article
Cyanosis
Cyanosis (plural: cyanoses) is a physical sign represented by bluish discolouration of the skin. It indicates there is reduced oxygen bound to red blood cells in the bloodstream. Diagnosis of the underlying cause of cyanosis is based on a thorough history and physical examination.
Pathology
Et...
Article
Transient abnormal myelopoiesis
Transient abnormal myelopoiesis (TAM) is a phenomenon that can happen in the fetuses or neonates with trisomy 21. The condition can mimic leukemia.
Epidemiology
The estimated incidence is at ~10% of newborns with trisomy 21 3.
Radiographic features
Antenatal ultrasound
In the context of kno...
Article
Birbeck granules
Birbeck granules refer to unusual rod-shaped structures specific to Langerhans cells. Their origin and function remain undetermined. Langerin is a crucial component within Birbeck granules.
History and etymology
Birbeck granules were first described by Michael S Birbeck in 1961 3.
Related pat...
Article
AIDS-related diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
AIDS-related diffuse large B-cell lymphomas are one of the immunodeficiency-associated CNS lymphomas, and in Western countries represented a dramatic increase in primary CNS lymphoma during the HIV/AIDS epidemic of the 1980s, although the incidence is likely lower in patients treated with antire...
Article
Hyperimmunoglobulin IgE syndrome
Hyperimmunoglobulin E (hyper IgE) syndrome (HIES), also known as Job syndrome, consists of a heterogeneous group of complex hereditary combined B- and T-cell immune deficiency diseases characterized by recurrent Staphylococcus aureus chest infections, characteristic coarse facial appearance and ...
Article
Peripheral T cell lymphoma
Peripheral T cell lymphoma is an uncommon, heterogeneous group of lymphoma. It can account for around 5-15% of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL).
Terminology
The word "peripheral" does not mean involvement in the extremities but refers to tumor cells that arise from lymphoid tissue outside of the bon...
Article
Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma
Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (LPL) is an uncommon type of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. In this condition, the affected tissues (usually bone marrow) become infiltrated by small lymphocytes, plasmacytoid lymphocytes, and plasma cells.
Some publications state this condition synonymous with Waldens...
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