Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
16,873 results found
Article
Blumcke classification of focal cortical dysplasia
Blumcke et al. proposed (2011) 2 the widely adopted consensus classification system for focal cortical dysplasia, which shares many features with the previously described classification systems by Palmini (2004) and Barkovich (2005).
Unfortunately, as is the case with many classification syst...
Article
Visual assessment of coronary artery calcification
Overall visual assessment of coronary artery calcification is a simple scoring system for risk assessment of coronary heart disease mortality by an overall "gestalt" of none, mild, moderate or heavy coronary artery calcification (CAC). It is comparable to the Agatston score but has the advantage...
Article
Rectal cancer (staging)
Staging of rectal cancer uses the TNM staging system and strongly predicts the success, and rate, of local recurrence following rectal cancer resection. MRI is the modality of choice for the staging of rectal cancer, to guide surgical and non-surgical management options. MRI is used at diagnosis...
Article
Thermal index
The thermal index (TI) is intended as a measure of an ultrasound beam's thermal bioeffects. It is often displayed on ultrasound screens (along with the mechanical index).
Absorption of sound waves may cause heating in tissue.
The thermal index depends on:
a measure of time-averaged acoustic p...
Article
Suspected physical abuse
Suspected physical abuse (SPA), also known as non-accidental injury (NAI) or inflicted injury, in infants and young children represents both ethical and legal challenges to treating physicians.
Radiologists may be the first clinical staff to suspect non-accidental injuries when confronted with ...
Article
Libman-Sacks endocarditis
Libman-Sacks endocarditis (LSE), also known as verrucous endocarditis, is a form of non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis characterized by large thrombi vegetations over the endocardial surface. It was considered the predominant form of endocarditis in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) until tr...
Article
Acromegaly
Acromegaly is the result of excessive growth hormone production in skeletally mature patients, most commonly from a pituitary adenoma. The same excess of growth hormone in individuals whose epiphyses have not fused will result in gigantism (excessively tall stature).
Epidemiology
Acromegaly ...
Article
West Nile virus
West Nile virus (WNV) is an arbovirus and one of the Flavivirus genus known to cause neuroinvasive disease, including Flavivirus encephalitis. According to the CDC, the majority of mosquito-borne disease in the continental United States is attributed to West Nile virus infection 1.
Epidemiolog...
Article
Oligodendroglioma
Oligodendrogliomas are intracranial tumors that account for 5-25% of all gliomas and 5-10% of all primary intracranial neoplasms.
They are characterized by IDH mutation and 1p19q codeletion and can be WHO CNS grade 2 or 3.
On imaging, oligodendrogliomas commonly present as masses involving th...
Article
Optic nerve sheath meningioma
Optic nerve meningiomas are benign tumors arising from the arachnoid cap cells of the optic nerve sheath and represent ~20% of all orbital meningiomas, the majority of which are direct extensions from intracranial meningiomas.
These tumors typically appear as masses within the optic nerve, iso...
Article
Percutaneous cholecystostomy
Percutaneous cholecystostomy is the image-guided placement of a drainage catheter into the gallbladder lumen. This minimally invasive procedure can aid in patient stabilization in order to enable a more measured surgical approach with time for therapeutic planning.
A 2018 study demonstrated no ...
Article
Cervical incompetence
Cervical incompetence refers to a painless spontaneous dilatation of the cervix and is a common cause of second trimester pregnancy failure.
Epidemiology
The estimated incidence varies geographically and generally thought to be around 1-1.5% of all pregnancies 1,15.
Clinical presentation
Typ...
Article
Squamous cell carcinoma (oral cavity)
Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity is the most common (by far) of the malignant lesions affecting this region.
As they share epidemiology, pathology and general principles with other squamous cell carcinomas of the upper aerodigestive tract, those topics are covered there. Below are a ...
Article
Primary hyperoxaluria
Primary hyperoxaluria, also referred to as primary oxalosis, is a congenital autosomal recessive disease related to a liver enzyme deficiency leading to massive cortical nephrocalcinosis and renal failure.
Please refer to secondary oxalosis for a discussion on the acquired form of hyperoxaluri...
Article
Parathyroid adenoma
Parathyroid adenomas are benign tumors of the parathyroid glands and are the most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism.
Epidemiology
Associations
There is an association with multiple endocrine neoplasia types I (MEN1) and IV (MEN4).
Clinical presentation
Patients typically present w...
Article
Simpson grade
The Simpson grade of meningioma resection was described in 1957 and correlated the degree of surgical resection completeness with symptomatic recurrence 1.
grade I
complete removal including resection of the underlying bone and associated dura
9% symptomatic recurrence at 10 years
grade II
...
Article
Periosteal ganglion cyst
Periosteal ganglion cysts or periosteal ganglia are rather rare types of ganglion cysts that affect the periosteum.
Clinical presentation
Clinical symptoms depend on the location, they have been reported to present with pain, as a firm, painless swelling and were found incidentally.
Pathology...
Article
Nuchal translucency
Nuchal translucency is the normal fluid-filled subcutaneous space identified at the back of the fetal neck during the late first trimester and early second trimester (11 weeks 3 days to 13 weeks 6 days).
It should not be confused with the nuchal fold, which is seen in the second trimester.
P...
Article
Patellar height (overview)
Patella height is an important anatomical variation measured as the height of the patella compared to the knee joint line. A patella that sits too high is known as patella alta, and a patella that sits too low is known as patella baja.
The patella plays an important role in human ambulation, k...
Article
Cone-shaped cecum (differential)
A cone-shaped cecum refers to a loss of the normal rounded appearance of the cecum, which instead becomes narrow and cone-shaped with the apex pointing towards the base of the appendix. It is encountered in a number of conditions including:
inflammatory
infective
blastomycosis
amoebiasis
Ye...
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