Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
1,981 results found
Article
Pancoast tumor
Pancoast tumor, also known as superior sulcus tumor, refers to a relatively uncommon situation where a primary lung cancer arises in the lung apex and invades the surrounding soft tissues. Classically a Pancoast syndrome results, but in actuality this is only seen in one quarter of cases.
Term...
Article
Excessive dynamic airway collapse
Excessive dynamic airway collapse (EDAC) refers to a dynamic form of central airway obstruction characterized by a decrease of ≥50% (some publications suggest >70% ref) in the cross-sectional area of the tracheobronchial lumen.
Terminology
Some authors consider an overlap with tracheomalacia, ...
Article
Tracheomalacia (differential)
A dilated trachea has numerous causes, and in almost all cases represents tracheomalacia (increased size and increased compliance).
As is almost always the case, various diameters have been used. Typical figures include >26 mm in men, >23 mm in women or >30 mm for both genders ref.
Although ma...
Article
Gastropericardial fistula
Gastropericardial fistulas are rare abnormal communications between the stomach and the pericardial sac. This is a life-threatening condition that can lead to impaired cardiac function, sepsis and eventually death.
Clinical presentation
Patients with gastropericardial fistula may present with ...
Article
Human metapneumovirus pulmonary infection
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) pulmonary infection is a condition reported to cause mild to severe respiratory tract infection, particularly in children, immunocompromised patients, and the elderly 6.
Pathology
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV), is an RNA virus and was first described in 2001. It is ...
Article
Pulmonary artery catheter
Pulmonary artery catheters (PAC or Swan-Ganz catheters) are balloon flotation catheters that are inserted into the pulmonary arteries. They can be inserted simply, quickly, with little training and without fluoroscopic guidance at the bedside, even in the seriously ill patient.
Usage
Historica...
Article
Post-primary pulmonary tuberculosis
Post-primary tuberculosis is also known as reactivation tuberculosis or secondary tuberculosis. The typical upper zone predominant destructive pneumonia is due to an adaptive immune response in an immunocompetent host 1.
Pathology
Location
The upper zone predominance of pulmonary cavitation c...
Article
Minimal aortic injury
Minimal aortic injury (MAI) is a mild form of blunt traumatic aortic injury which are limited to the aortic intima and are recognized more frequently due to the use of high-resolution vascular imaging in trauma.
Epidemiology
Minimal aortic injuries account for 10-28% of all blunt traumatic aor...
Article
Interstitial lung abnormality
Interstitial lung abnormality (ILA) refers to incidental bilateral non-dependent CT patterns including reticulation, traction bronchiectasis and honeycombing that may be symptomatic, may progress to fibrosis and portend a higher all cause mortality risk 7.
Epidemiology
Although may vary from p...
Article
All-trans-retinoic acid syndrome
All-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) syndrome, is the more common cause of differentiation syndrome 8. Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) cells respond to therapeutic levels of this normal plasma derivative of vitamin A by maturating into normal granulocytes which can cause capillary leakage and organ...
Article
Prosthetic heart valve
Prosthetic heart valves are common. The four valves of the heart may all be surgically replaced. However, the aortic and mitral valves are the most commonly replaced.
Replacements may be tissue or metallic valves, only the latter being visualized on imaging investigations. Sometimes the annulus...
Article
Leadless cardiac pacemaker
Leadless cardiac pacemakers are a type of cardiac conduction device. These pacemakers are self-contained right ventricular single-chamber pacemakers that are implanted percutaneously via a femoral approach 1-3. There are currently two leadless cardiac pacemakers on the market: Nanostim™️ (Abbott...
Article
Psammoma bodies
Psammoma bodies are round microscopic calcific collections. It is a form of dystrophic calcification. Necrotic cells form the focus for surrounding calcific deposition. They have a lamellated concentric calcified structure, sometimes large enough to be seen on CT.
Psammoma bodies are found in ...
Article
Thymus protocol (MRI)
Thymic MRI is a targeted mediastinal imaging protocol performed mainly to distinguish surgical from nonsurgical thymic lesions (eg. thymic hyperplasia, thymic cysts, and lymphoma).
Note: This article is intended to outline some general principles of protocol design. The specifics will vary depe...
Article
Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency
Alpha-1-antitrypsin (A1AT) deficiency is an autosomal codominant metabolic disorder and is the most common genetic cause of emphysema and metabolic liver disease in children. It results in the unopposed action of neutrophil elastase and subsequent severe basal panlobular emphysema and respirator...
Article
Mediastinal mass
Mediastinal masses may be caused by a wide variety of neoplastic and non-neoplastic pathologies. It is helpful to identify the location of the mass since this significantly reduces the breadth of the differential diagnosis.
There are four conceptual compartments of the mediastinum which are di...
Article
Barium sulfate contrast medium
Barium sulfate (BaSO4), often just called barium in radiology parlance, is an ionic salt of barium (Ba), a metallic chemical element with atomic number 56. Barium sulfate forms the basis for a range of contrast media used in fluoroscopic examinations of the gastrointestinal tract. Unlike barium ...
Article
Aspergilloma
Aspergillomas are mass-like fungus balls (mycetomas) typically composed of Aspergillus fumigatus and are a non-invasive form of pulmonary aspergillosis. They usually fall under the subgroup chronic pulmonary aspergillosis.
Epidemiology
Aspergillomas occur in patients with normal immunity but s...
Article
Methotrexate lung disease
Methotrexate lung disease is a specific etiological type of drug-induced lung disease. It can occur due to the administration of methotrexate, which is an antimetabolite, commonly prescribed to treat rheumatoid arthritis. It is also given alone or in combination with other chemotherapeutic agent...
Article
Bovine arch
Bovine arch is the most common variant of the aortic arch and occurs when the brachiocephalic (innominate) artery shares a common origin with the left common carotid artery.
Epidemiology
A bovine arch is present in ~15% (range 8-27%) of the population and is more common in individuals of Afri...
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