Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
1,430 results found
Article
Medulloblastoma
Medulloblastomas are the most common malignant brain tumors of childhood, most often presenting as midline masses in the roof of the 4th ventricle with associated mass-effect and hydrocephalus. Treatment typically consists of surgical resection, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, with the prog...
Article
Leptomeningeal cyst
Leptomeningeal cysts, also known as growing skull fractures, are an enlarging skull fracture that occurs near post-traumatic encephalomalacia. The term cyst is actually a misnomer, as it is not a cyst, but an extension of the encephalomalacia. Hence, it is usually seen a few months post-trauma.
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Article
Barium sulfate contrast medium
Barium sulfate (BaSO4), often just called barium in radiology parlance, is an ionic salt of barium (Ba), a metallic chemical element with atomic number 56. Barium sulfate forms the basis for a range of contrast media used in fluoroscopic examinations of the gastrointestinal tract. Unlike barium ...
Article
Slipped upper femoral epiphysis
Slipped upper femoral epiphysis (SUFE), also known as a slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE), (plural: epiphyses) is a relatively common condition affecting the physis of the proximal femur in adolescents. It is one of the commonest hip abnormalities in adolescence and is bilateral in 20-40%...
Article
Suspected physical abuse
Suspected physical abuse (SPA), also known as non-accidental injury (NAI) or inflicted injury, in infants and young children represents both ethical and legal challenges to treating physicians.
Radiologists may be the first clinical staff to suspect non-accidental injuries when confronted with ...
Article
Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease
Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) is one of many pediatric cystic renal diseases.
On imaging, it usually presents on ultrasound with enlarged echogenic kidneys with multiple small cysts. Liver involvement with coarse echotexture, biliary tract cystic changes, and portal hype...
Article
Lateral humeral condyle fracture
Lateral humeral condyle fractures also referred to simply as lateral condyle fractures (in the appropriate context), are relatively common elbow fractures that predominantly occur in children. They may be subtle but are hugely important to diagnose promptly because if they are missed, they tend ...
Article
Pyloric stenosis
Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS) refers to the idiopathic thickening of gastric pyloric musculature which then results in progressive gastric outlet obstruction.
Epidemiology
Pyloric stenosis is relatively common, with an incidence of approximately 2-5 per 1000 births, and a male predilect...
Article
Mauclaire disease
Mauclaire disease, also known as Dietrich disease, is a rare disease and refers to osteonecrosis of the metacarpal heads, which usually appears between the ages of 13 and 18 years 1,2. This condition may lead to early closure of the epiphyseal growth plate and growth disturbance of the involved ...
Article
Eisenmenger syndrome
The Eisenmenger syndrome is a complication of an uncorrected high-flow, high-pressure congenital heart anomaly leading to chronic pulmonary arterial hypertension and shunt reversal.
Epidemiology
In general, the shunts that lead to Eisenmenger syndrome share high pressure and high flow 3. As su...
Article
Osteopoikilosis
Osteopoikilosis is a sclerosing bony dysplasia characterized by multiple benign enostoses. It is a rare inherited benign condition incidentally found on skeletal x-rays. Its importance is predominantly in correct diagnosis so that it is not mistaken for pathology.
Epidemiology
The bone islands...
Article
Isolated inferior vermian hypoplasia
Isolated inferior vermian hypoplasia (IIVH), also referred to as part of the Dandy-Walker variant (DWV), is a congenital malformation characterized by partial absence of the inferior portion of the cerebellar vermis.
Terminology
The term Dandy-Walker variant was created to include those malfor...
Article
SADDAN syndrome
SADDAN syndrome is an acronym for severe achondroplasia with developmental delay and acanthosis nigricans. It is an extremely rare condition, and as the name states, comprises a combination of skeletal anomalies includes craniosynostosis 2, brain and cutaneous anomalies.
Pathology
Genetics
Th...
Article
Embryonal tumor with multilayered rosettes
Embryonal tumors with multilayered rosettes (ETMR) are rare small round blue cell tumor of the central nervous system. They are one of the most aggressive brain tumors usually encountered in children and are WHO grade 4 tumors.
Terminology
Previously embryonal tumors with multilayered rosette...
Article
COVID-19
For a quick reference guide, please see our COVID-19 summary article.
COVID-19 (coronavirus disease-2019) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a strain of coronavirus. The first cases were seen in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 before ...
Article
Anterior vertebral body tether (AVBT)
Anterior vertebral body tethering (AVBT) is a fusionless technique for treating and managing idiopathic scoliosis in skeletally immature patients to reduce the typical side effects of rigid posterior fusion (such as loss of spinal motion and risks adjacent segment degeneration later in life) 1,3...
Article
Effman Classification of urethral duplication
The Effman classification is a widely used system classifying several distinct types of urethral duplication.
Usage
The Effman classification is the most commonly used 3, which is considered the most complete classification from a clinical and functional point of view 4, but it is only based ...
Article
Classification system for midline abnormalities of the brain and skull
Classification systems for midline abnormalities of the brain and skull are varied and constantly changing as the underlying embryology and genetics are uncovered.
Classification
A relatively simple and robust classification system is based on the location of abnormalities, proposed by Nuñez ...
Article
Classification system for malformations of the cerebellum
Classification systems for malformations of the cerebellum are varied and are constantly being revised as a greater understanding of the underlying genetics and embryology of the disorders is uncovered.
Classification
A classification proposed by Barkovich et al. in 2009 1 divides cerebellar ...
Article
Osteofibrous dysplasia
Osteofibrous dysplasia is a benign fibro-osseous cortical lesion that occurs almost exclusively in the tibia and fibula. It is most commonly seen in the mid-diaphysis of the tibia. Some consider it synonymous with ossifying fibroma because of histological similarities, but it is generally consid...
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