Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
700 results found
Article
Intramedullary nailing
Intramedullary nailing is an internal fixation technique originally mainly used for the surgical management of long bone diaphyseal fractures and now, also in metaphyseal and periarticular fractures.
Indications
Indications of intramedullary nailing are the following 1,2:
extracapsular proxim...
Article
Osteochondral defect
Osteochondral defects (OCD) or lesions (OCL) are focal areas of articular cartilage damage and injury of the adjacent subchondral bone plate and subchondral cancellous bone.
Terminology
Osteochondral defect is a broad term that describes the morphological changes associated to a localized gap...
Article
Penetrating thoracic trauma
Penetrating thoracic trauma, namely gunshot and stab injuries, vary widely in incidence globally but nevertheless result in high mortality and serious morbidity. CT is the modality of choice in imaging these patients and can reduce the need for surgical exploration.
Pathology
Penetrating thor...
Article
Penetrating abdominopelvic trauma
Penetrating abdominopelvic trauma usually occurs in the setting of gunshot and stab injuries and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. CT is the modality of choice in imaging if the patient is stable enough before surgery. The most common injuries include small bowel, large bowel, liv...
Article
Lisfranc injury
Lisfranc injuries, also called Lisfranc fracture-dislocations, are the most common type of dislocation involving the foot and correspond to the dislocation of the articulation of the tarsus with the metatarsal bases.
Pathology
Anatomy
The Lisfranc joint articulates the tarsus with the metatar...
Article
Diffuse axonal injury (grading)
Grading of diffuse axonal injury due to trauma is described according to the anatomic distribution of injury. Contrary to the implication of the word "diffuse," diffuse axonal injury has a topological predilection for focal involvement of certain sites in the brain. These sites, in turn, vary in...
Article
Distal radial fracture
Distal radial fractures are a heterogeneous group of fractures that occur at the distal radius and are the dominant fracture type at the wrist. These common fractures, representing ~15% of all fractures 7, usually occur when significant force is applied to the distal radial metaphysis.
Epidemi...
Article
Gilula three carpal arcs
Gilula three carpal arcs are used in the assessment of the normal alignment of the carpus on PA wrist radiographs:
first arc: is a smooth curve outlining the proximal convexities of the scaphoid, lunate and triquetrum
second arc: traces the distal concave surfaces of the same bones
third arc:...
Article
Complex midfacial fracture
Complex midfacial fractures consist of multiple facial fractures that cannot be classified as any of the defined complex facial fractures (e.g. Le Fort fracture, zygomaticomaxillary complex fracture, naso-orbital-ethmoid fracture).
Article
Mandibular fracture
Mandibular fractures are relatively common especially among young men. Although traditionally the mandible and base of skull are thought to form a complete bony ring, interrupted only by the TMJs. This should mean that the mandible should fracture in two places (akin to the bony pelvis) making s...
Article
Segond fracture
Segond fracture is an avulsion fracture of the knee that involves the lateral aspect of the tibial plateau and is very frequently (~75% of cases) associated with disruption of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). On the frontal knee radiograph, it may be referred to as the lateral capsular sign...
Article
Trauma
The term trauma (plural: traumas) or traumatic injury refers to damage or harm of sudden onset caused by external factors or forces requiring medical attention.
Polytrauma or multiple trauma has been defined as a pattern of potentially life-threatening injuries involving at least two body regio...
Article
Anterior cruciate ligament tear
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears are the most common knee ligament injury encountered in radiology and orthopedic practice.
Epidemiology
The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is the most commonly disrupted ligament of the knee, especially in athletes who participate in sports that involve...
Article
Flail mandible
A flail mandible is an uncommon type of comminuted fracture through the mandibular symphysis and bilateral condyle and/or rami which can result in posterior displacement and internal rotation of the mandibular bodies, eversion of the angles of the mandible, and glossoptosis. Together with concom...
Article
Avulsion fractures of the knee
Avulsion fractures of the knee are numerous due to the many ligaments and tendons inserting around this joint. They include 1:
anterior cruciate ligament avulsion fracture
posterior cruciate ligament avulsion fracture
avulsion of the medial collateral ligament
origin of MCL avulsion fracture...
Article
Aviator astragalus
Aviator astragalus is an antiquated term for a pattern of isolated fracture-dislocation injury of the talus. Fractures included under this name include compression fractures of the talar neck, fractures of the body, posterior process or fracture-dislocation injuries.
More specifically the term ...
Article
Pneumorrhachis
Pneumorrhachis refers to the presence of gas within the spinal canal (either intra- or extradural). It is rare.
Clinical presentation
Patients can often be asymptomatic 3.
Pathology
Etiology
Pneumorrhachis can result from a number of causes:
trauma (traumatic pneumorrhachis): can occur in ...
Article
Bowel and mesenteric trauma
Bowel and mesenteric trauma can result from blunt force, penetrating and iatrogenic trauma. CT is the gold standard imaging modality but CT findings are nonspecific 12.
Epidemiology
The bowel and mesentery are injured in ~2.5% (range 0.3-5%) of blunt force abdominal trauma 1,3,5,8. However not...
Article
Bowel and mesenteric trauma injury grading
A number of bowel and mesenteric injury grading systems have been proposed and validated for trauma to the bowel and/or mesentery based on CT and clinical parameters.
Classifications
RAPTOR 1
The RAdiographic Predictors of Therapeutic intervention score predicts the need for early therapeutic...
Article
Knee (horizontal beam lateral view)
The horizontal beam lateral view (cross-table lateral) is an orthogonal view of the AP view of the knee requiring little to no patient movement and is hence the lateral projection of choice for acute knee injuries.
Indications
This view is the ideal projection to assess the presence of knee jo...