Articles
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1,108 results found
Article
Cystitis cystica
Cystitis cystica is the same condition as ureteritis cystica and is closely related to cystitis glandularis. It is a relatively common chronic reactive inflammatory disorder that occurs in the setting of chronic irritation of the bladder mucosa.
Epidemiology
Cystitis cystica is seen in various...
Article
Primary hyperoxaluria
Primary hyperoxaluria, also referred to as primary oxalosis, is a congenital autosomal recessive disease related to a liver enzyme deficiency leading to massive cortical nephrocalcinosis and renal failure.
Please refer to secondary oxalosis for a discussion on the acquired form of hyperoxaluri...
Article
Pelvic congestion syndrome
Pelvic congestion syndrome (some prefer pelvic venous insufficiency 9 ) is a condition that results from retrograde flow through incompetent valves in ovarian veins resulting in pelvic varices and pelvic pain. It is a commonly missed and potentially treatable cause of chronic abdominopelvic pain...
Article
Steinstrasse
Steinstrasse [stīn′shtra-se] is the German word for "stone street", describing a possible complication of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) for urinary tract calculi, wherein a column of stone fragments forms that blocks the ureter.
Terminology
The term steinstrasse can equally, alb...
Article
Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease
Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) is one of many pediatric cystic renal diseases.
On imaging, it usually presents on ultrasound with enlarged echogenic kidneys with multiple small cysts. Liver involvement with coarse echotexture, biliary tract cystic changes, and portal hype...
Article
Retroperitoneal fibrosis
Retroperitoneal fibrosis (RPF), is a condition that has previously been described as chronic periaortitis. It is an uncommon fibrotic reaction in the retroperitoneum that typically presents with ureteric obstruction.
The disease is part of a spectrum of entities that have a common pathogenic pr...
Article
Adrenal cortical carcinoma
An adrenal cortical carcinoma, also known as adrenocortical carcinoma, is a highly malignant but rare primary neoplasm of the adrenal gland. It may present as a hormonally active or inactive tumor.
Epidemiology
Although men and women are affected equally, functioning tumors are more common in...
Article
PSA density
The PSA density (PSAD) is a calculation performed at diagnosis and is the serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) level (ng/mL) divided by the volume of the prostate gland (mL), resulting in a value with the units, ng/mL2 1. Prostate volume is calculated from TRUS measurements 2,3.
Alternatively...
Article
Effman Classification of urethral duplication
The Effman classification is a widely used system classifying several distinct types of urethral duplication.
Usage
The Effman classification is the most commonly used 3, which is considered the most complete classification from a clinical and functional point of view 4, but it is only based ...
Article
Renal tuberculosis
Renal tuberculosis, a subset of genitourinary tuberculosis, accounts for 15-20% of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis and can result in varied and striking radiographic appearances.
Tuberculosis can involve both the renal parenchyma and the collecting system (calyces, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder a...
Article
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), also known as benign prostatic enlargement (BPE), is an extremely common condition in elderly males and a major cause of bladder outflow obstruction.
Terminology
The term benign prostatic hypertrophy was formerly used for this condition, but since histology...
Article
Circumcaval ureter
Circumcaval ureter, also known as retrocaval ureter, is a term used to describe an abnormal course of a ureter that encircles the inferior vena cava. Both of these terms are somewhat misleading, as this configuration is considered a developmental anomaly of the inferior vena cava (IVC).
Clinic...
Article
Adrenal hemorrhage
Adrenal hemorrhage can result from a variety of traumatic and non-traumatic causes. When unilateral, it is often clinically silent. In contrast, bilateral adrenal hemorrhage can lead to catastrophic adrenal insufficiency.
Clinical presentation
The clinical signs of adrenal hemorrhage are very ...
Article
Spontaneous retroperitoneal hemorrhage
Spontaneous retroperitoneal hemorrhage (SRH) is a distinctive clinical pathology of retroperitoneal bleeding without a preceding history of trauma.
For a broader discussion, including other etiologies, please refer to the parental article on retroperitoneal hemorrhage.
Clinical presentation
...
Article
Retroperitoneal hemorrhage
Retroperitoneal hemorrhage can be a source of significant yet occult blood loss.
Terminology
Some articles conflate and/or confuse retroperitoneal hemorrhage and Wunderlich syndrome 5. However Wunderlich syndrome refers primarily to bleeding around the kidney, not the retroperitoneum in genera...
Article
Lobar nephronia
Lobar nephronia, also known as acute focal nephritis, refers to an intermediate stage between acute pyelonephritis and renal abscess, and is a focal region of interstitial nephritis.
It appears as a wedge of poorly perfused renal parenchyma, without a cortical rim sign.
The condition is discu...
Article
Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome
Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome (BHDS), also known as folliculin gene-associated syndrome, is a multi-system disease characterized by:
cutaneous manifestations, typically fibrofolliculomas
multiple lung cysts and spontaneous pneumothoraces
increased risk of renal tumors, typically chromophobe oncocyt...
Article
Contrast-enhanced ultrasound
Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) involves the administration of intravenous contrast agents consisting of microbubbles/nanobubbles of gas.
Clinical applications
liver
hepatic metastasis
cystadenoma/cystadenocarcinoma
cholangiocarcinoma
hepatocellular carcinoma
hepatic adenoma
focal no...
Article
Alport syndrome
Alport syndrome is a hereditary disease characterized by progressive sensorineural hearing loss, renal disease and, at times, ocular lesions.
Clinical presentation
hematuria
sensorineural hearing loss: typically high frequency 2
ocular abnormalities
anterior lenticonus which may result in c...
Article
Imperforate hymen
Imperforate hymen is a congenital condition in which the hymen lacks a normal opening.
Epidemiology
It happens in 0.1% of the female population, usually an isolated finding.
Clinical presentation
Primary amenorrhea with cyclic lower abdominal pain during menarche age. An imperforate hymen c...
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