Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
537 results found
Article
Antenatal screening
Antenatal screening and diagnosis are currently available for a few selected genetic conditions, including trisomy 21 (Down syndrome), trisomy 18 (Edward syndrome), trisomy 13 (Patau syndrome) and neural tube defects.
For an overview of the conditions and their manifestations, please refer to t...
Article
MRI targeted prostate biopsy
MRI targeted prostate biopsy refers to an imaging targeted technique rather than the traditional systematic approach of a prostate biopsy after respective imaging with multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) of the prostate.
As a consequence of advances with multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) of the prostate in t...
Article
Pyrexia of unknown origin
A pyrexia of unknown origin, commonly shortened to PUO, and also known as a fever of unknown origin (FUO), was originally defined in 1961 as the condition in which the core body temperature is >38.3oC for a period of three weeks or more, with no diagnosis reached after one week of inpatient inve...
Article
Incidental thyroid nodule
Incidental thyroid nodules, sometimes called thyroid incidentalomas, are discrete lesions in the thyroid gland found on cross-sectional imaging performed for indications other than thyroid evaluation. They are common but occasionally represent thyroid cancer 1. This article discusses the epidemi...
Article
Adult chest radiograph common exam pathology
Adult chest radiograph common exam pathology is essential to consider in the build up to radiology exams. The list of potential diagnoses is apparently endless, but there are some favorites that seem to appear with more frequency.
When dealing with the adult chest radiograph in the exam setting...
Article
Diffuse pulmonary nodules
Diffuse pulmonary nodules are usually seen as multiple pulmonary nodular opacifications on a HRCT chest scan. They can signify disease processes affecting either the interstitium or the airspace. They can range from a few millimeters to up to 1 cm and when very small and numerous there can be so...
Article
RANO criteria for glioma
Response assessment in neuro-oncology (RANO) criteria, published in 2010 1, are used to assess response to first-line treatment of glioblastoma (as well as lower grade astrocytoma 3) and have largely superseded the older Macdonald criteria (which only dealt with glioblastoma multiforme) 2.
For ...
Article
Isomerism
Isomerism is a term which in general means 'mirror-image' and refers to finding normally-asymmetric bilateral structures to be similar. It is used in the context of heterotaxy and is of two types:
left isomerism
right isomerism
Left isomerism
Mirror image of the structures on the left side o...
Article
Nasogastric tube positioning
Assessment of nasogastric (NG) tube positioning is a key competency of all doctors as unidentified malpositioning may have dire consequences, including death.
Radiographic features
Plain radiograph
A correctly placed nasogastric tube should 10:
descend in the midline, following the path of ...
Article
MRI of the shoulder (an approach)
MRI of the shoulder is one of the more frequent examinations faced in daily radiological practice. This approach is an example of how to create a radiological report of an MRI shoulder with coverage of the most common anatomical sites of possible pathology.
Systematic review
A systematic revie...
Article
EULAR-OMERACT ultrasound scoring system for synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
The EULAR-OMERACT ultrasound scoring system for synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a standardized method for assessing synovial inflammation using ultrasound imaging. This scoring system was developed collaboratively by the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) and the Outcome Measu...
Article
Reporting tips for aortic aneurysms
When issuing an MRI or CT report on a patient with an aortic aneurysm, whether it be thoracic or abdominal, a number of features should be mentioned to aid the referring clinician in managing the patient.
Reporting tips for aortic aneurysms include 1,2:
size and shape
sac dimensions (outer su...
Article
Pulmonary nodule
Pulmonary nodules are small, rounded opacities within the pulmonary interstitium. Pulmonary nodules are common and, as the spatial resolution of CT scanners has increased, detection of smaller and smaller nodules has occurred, which are more often an incidental finding.
Classification
Pulmonar...
Article
Gunshot injuries
Gunshot injuries are a type of penetrating trauma that often require imaging assessment, and this evaluation has both clinical relevance (assessment of organ damage, surgical planning, and prognostication), and often also forensic implications.
Epidemiology
Incidence of gunshot injuries to the...
Article
Cobb angle
The Cobb angle is the most widely used measurement to quantify the magnitude of spinal deformities, especially scoliosis, on plain radiographs. Scoliosis is a lateral spinal curvature with a Cobb angle of >10° 4. The Cobb angle technique can also assess the degree of kyphosis or lordosis in the ...
Article
Hepatobiliary contrast agents and LI-RADS
LI-RADS (Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System) is both a set of standardized terminology and a classification system for imaging findings in liver lesions. The LI-RADS score for a liver lesion is an indication of its relative risk for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The classification system ...
Article
Patellophyseal index
The patellophyseal (PP) index is an alternative technique to measure the patellar height on both x-ray and MRI as the physeal line can be seen on both imaging modalities 1.
Usage
The PP index is a variation on the patellotrochlear index that can be used on radiographs. It is an indirect measur...
Article
Sternoclavicular joint (ultrasound)
Ultrasound of the sternoclavicular (SC) joint can have a role along with CT and MRI in the assessment of related pathology and for intra-articular injection.
Indications
sternoclavicular joint arthropathy
post-trauma, e.g. suspected sternoclavicular joint dislocation
Normal ultrasound anatom...
Article
CT perfusion in ischemic stroke
CT perfusion in ischemic stroke has become established in most centers with stroke services as an important adjunct, along with CT angiography (CTA), to conventional unenhanced CT brain imaging.
It enables the differentiation of salvageable ischemic brain tissue (the penumbra) from the irrevoca...
Article
Intradural spinal mass lesions (an approach)
Intradural spinal mass lesions are relatively uncommon, compared to intracranial or extradural masses, and can be challenging to diagnose. Additionally, the need for a pre-operative/non-operative diagnosis is in many ways greater as biopsy of lesions within the cord has the potential of devastat...
Unable to process the form. Check for errors and try again.