Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
247 results found
Article
Embolization coils
Embolization coils and microcoils are permanent proximal embolization devices used in interventional procedures to block blood flow in medium to large-sized target vessels and pathological pathways.
They consist of stainless steel, platinum, or Inconel (nickel-based superalloy) coils that can b...
Article
Endovascular clot retrieval (ECR)
Endovascular clot retrieval (ECR), also known as mechanical thrombectomy (MT) or endovascular thrombectomy (EVT), is increasingly performed in patients presenting with large vessel occlusion (LVO), especially those with a large ischemic penumbra that is likely to progress to ischemic stroke. To ...
Article
Ghost infarct core
Ghost infarct core refers to the phenomenon that CT perfusion may overestimate infarct core on admission, especially in the early time window of a stroke, by predicting lesion in areas that will not show infarct on follow-up imaging 1. This mismatch is defined as the initial infarct core minus f...
Article
Sniff test
The fluoroscopic sniff test, also known as diaphragm fluoroscopy, is a quick and easy real time fluoroscopic assessment of diaphragmatic motor function (excursion). It is used most often to confirm absence of muscular contraction of the diaphragm during inspiration in patients with phrenic nerve...
Article
Ultrasound-guided spinal anesthesia
With the growing incidence of obesity in the western world, ultrasound-guided anesthesia is becoming more common.
Spinal anesthesia is traditionally administered by identifying relevant surface anatomy and imaging is rarely used for pre-procedural identification of structures. Ultrasound-guide...
Article
Greater occipital nerve block (ultrasound-guided)
A greater occipital nerve block is a diagnostic and/or therapeutic procedure in which the medial, sensory branch from the second cervical spinal nerve is targeted with local anesthesia.
Indications
occipital neuralgia
migraine
post-dural puncture headache
cluster headache
Contraindicatio...
Article
Clot meniscus sign (angiography)
The clot meniscus sign, or simply the meniscus sign, is a radiological sign appreciated on digital subtraction angiography in the setting of endovascular clot retrieval for acute ischemic stroke caused by large vessel occlusion.
The sign describes the angiographic appearance of the proximal occ...
Article
Urethrography
Urethrography refers to the radiographic study of the urethra using iodinated contrast media and is generally carried out in males.
Terminology
When the urethra is studied with instillation of contrast into the distal/anterior urethra it has been referred to as:
retrograde urethrography (RUG)...
Article
Varicocele
Varicocele is the dilatation of the pampiniform plexus of veins, a network of many small veins found in the male spermatic cord. It is the most frequently encountered mass of the spermatic cord.
Epidemiology
The estimated incidence is at ~15% of the general male population and ~40% of subferti...
Article
Balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration
Balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration (BRTO) is a technique used by interventional radiologists in the treatment of gastric varices, particularly those with prominent infra-diaphragmatic portosystemic venous shunts (e.g. gastro-renal and gastro-caval shunts).
The technique is mor...
Article
Tandem lesion (cerebrovascular)
Tandem lesion, or tandem occlusion, is a term used in cerebrovascular imaging and intervention to refer to the simultaneous presence of high-grade stenosis or occlusion of the cervical internal carotid artery and thromboembolic occlusion of the intracranial terminal internal carotid artery or it...
Article
Nephrostogram
Nephrostogram, also known as antegrade pyelogram, is a special x-ray procedure that fluoroscopically evaluates the upper collecting system by introducing water-soluble contrast through the nephrostomy catheter.
Indications
Nephrostogram can be useful to determine tube position, level of steno...
Article
Peripherally inserted central catheter
Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs), often incorrectly tautologically termed PICC lines, are a type of central venous catheter predominantly used amongst oncology patients and those with chronic diseases (e.g. cystic fibrosis).
They offer the ability to have long-term central venous...
Article
Thrombolysis in cerebral infarction (TICI) scale
The thrombolysis in cerebral infarction (TICI) grading system was described in 2003 by Higashida et al. 1 as a tool for determining the response of thrombolytic therapy for ischemic stroke. In neurointerventional radiology it is commonly used for patients post endovascular revascularization. Lik...
Article
Expanded treatment in cerebral infarction (eTICI) score
The expanded treatment in cerebral infarction (eTICI) score is modified from the modified treatment in cerebral infarction (mTICI) and thrombolysis in cerebral infarction (TICI) scales. It was published by the HERMES investigators in 2019 1.
Using modified Rankin scale (mRs) shift at 90 days as...
Article
Splenic biopsy
Percutaneous splenic biopsy, using either ultrasound or CT guidance, is an accurate and reliable method of acquiring splenic tissue for histopathological assessment and has been proposed as an alternative for splenectomy in selected patients.
Although the procedure has been historically feared ...
Article
Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography
Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) is a radiographic technique employed in the visualization of the biliary tree and can be used as the first step in a number of percutaneous biliary interventions (e.g. percutaneous transhepatic biliary stent placement)
Indications
Purely diagnost...
Article
Splenic trauma
Splenic trauma can occur after blunt or penetrating trauma or secondary to medical intervention (i.e. iatrogenic). The spleen is the most frequently injured internal organ after blunt trauma.
Epidemiology
In blunt trauma, the spleen can account for up to 49% of abdominal organ injuries 2.
Cli...
Article
Post-dural puncture headache
Post-dural puncture headache, previously known as post-lumbar puncture headache 4, is a common complication after lumbar puncture (LP), which is often performed for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sampling, spinal anesthesia, myelography, etc.
Epidemiology
Post-dural puncture headaches occur after ~...
Article
Key figures in the history of radiology
In the history of radiology certain key figures stand out for their groundbreaking contributions to the establishment and development of radiology as a science, medical specialty and major advance in patient care. This list is by necessity arbitrary, although we (the editors) hope that the major...
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