Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
105 results found
Article
TNM staging system
The TNM staging system (officially known as the TNM classification system of malignant tumors) is a cancer staging system overseen and published by the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) publishes the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual which is b...
Article
Wilms tumor (staging)
Wilms tumor staging is largely anatomical and relates to the invasion and spread of the tumor. Where there is invasion or metastasis, prognosis is poorer. Wilms tumor is one of the more common childhood malignancies.
stage I
confined to kidney
complete resection possible
stage II
local spre...
Article
Waldenström classification of Perthes disease
The Waldenström classification of Perthes disease refers to x-ray abnormalities and represents four temporal phases of the disease. These stages have been further subdivided in the modified Elizabethtown classification 2.
stage I: early
asymmetric femoral epiphyseal size (smaller on the affect...
Article
Gallbladder cancer (staging - AJCC 8th edition)
The AJCC (American Joint Committee on Cancer) 8th edition gallbladder cancer staging system was introduced in 2018.
TNM system
T: primary tumor
Tis: carcinoma in situ - tumor only within the epithelium (the inner layer of the gallbladder)
T1: tumor invades the lamina propria or muscularis
T...
Article
Primary fallopian tube carcinoma (staging)
The staging used for primary fallopian tubal carcinoma is the FIGO system and is as follows:
stage I: limited to fallopian tubes
stage Ia: limited to lining of one fallopian tube (intraluminal)
stage Ib: limited to inner linings of both tubes (intraluminal)
stage Ic: invasion beyond the inne...
Article
FIGO staging system
The FIGO staging systems are determined by the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (Fédération Internationale de Gynécologie et d’Obstétrique).
In general, there are five stages:
stage 0: carcinoma in situ (common in cervical, vaginal, and vulval cancer)
stage I: confined to...
Article
Robson staging system of renal cell carcinoma
Robson staging of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is simple but has largely been replaced by the TNM system (see renal cell cancer staging article). Robson staging revolves around the relationship to Gerota's fascia, involvement of renal vein and regional nodes.
stage I: limited to kidney
stage II:...
Article
Transitional cell carcinoma (staging)
Staging of transitional cell carcinomas of the urinary tract vary according to the location of the tumor, and are staged using the TNM staging system.
transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis
transitional cell carcinoma of the ureter
transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder
Article
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (staging)
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) (also known as cervical dysplasia) is the potentailly premalignant stage in the dysplastic changes in the squamous epithelium of the cervix.
Grading of CIN is based on the degree of dysplasia seen in a sample of cervical tissue:
CIN I
similar to condy...
Article
Masaoka staging system of thymoma
The Masaoka staging system is commonly adopted for thymomas 1-3, and is the most important determinant of survival following surgical resection 4:
stage I: intact thymic capsule
stage II: capsular invasion into adjacent mediastinal fat or pleura
stage III: macroscopic invasion into adjacent o...
Article
Transitional cell carcinoma of the ureter (staging)
Transitional cell carcinoma of the ureter staging uses the TNM system and is very similar to staging of TCC of the bladder and to staging of TCC of the renal pelvis.
TNM staging (8th edition)
T
Ta: noninvasive papillary tumor
Tis: in situ (noninvasive flat)
T1: through lamina propria into ...
Article
Transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis (staging)
Transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis staging uses the TNM system and is very similar to staging of TCC of the bladder and to staging of TCC of the ureter.
TNM staging (8th edition)
T
Ta: noninvasive papillary tumor
Tis: in situ (noninvasive flat)
T1: through lamina propria into s...
Article
Levene index
The Levene index or ventricular index is a marker of ventricular size in infants. It is defined as the distance between the falx and the lateral wall of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle in the coronal plane 1.
Usage
The Levene index is a marker of ventricular volume and thus can be...
Article
Cotswolds-modified Ann Arbor classification
The Cotswolds-modified Ann Arbor classification is a lymphoma staging classification system for both Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. They came about in 1988 following recommended modifications to the Ann Arbor staging system after a meeting in Cotswold, England.
This classification h...
Article
Chandler classification of orbital infections
Chandler classification is the most commonly used system for dividing the different types of orbital cellulitis. The system describes five stages 1,2:
stage I: preseptal orbital cellulitis with inflammation and edema anterior to the orbital septum.
stage II: orbital cellulitis with extension o...
Article
SMART-CT severity index
A SMART-CT severity index is a recent tool and an expansion of the original modified CT severity index of acute pancreatitis. This novel index that is nomogram based, predicts the clinical consequence with modest accuracy. Two components are mainly evaluated, the first ones are the components of...
Article
Cholangiocarcinoma (staging)
Cholangiocarcinoma staging is most commonly classified using the TNM staging systems of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC)/Union for International Cancer Control (UICC), which starting 1 January 2018 is according to its 8th edition. There are separate systems depending on whether the ...
Article
Nasopharyngeal cancer (staging)
Nasopharyngeal cancer staging refers to TNM staging of malignant tumors of the nasopharynx. The vast majority of applicable tumors are nasopharyngeal carcinomas, but other epithelial malignancies of the nasopharynx are included, such as minor salivary gland tumors. The following article reflects...
Article
Modified Ringertz grading system for diffuse astrocytomas
The modified Ringertz grading system has historically been one of the more frequently used grading systems for diffuse astrocytomas, but has essentially been replaced by the WHO grading system.
Unlike the WHO grading system and St Anne-Mayo grading system (also known as the Dumas-Duport grading...
Article
Gleason score
The histological grading of prostate cancer has undergone many revisions, and for many years the primary system was the Gleason score, itself derived from the Gleason grade. In 2014, the Grade Group was introduced, and care must be taken to not confuse this with the Gleason grade.
The Gleason g...
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