Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
1,108 results found
Article
Urolithiasis
Urolithiasis refers to the presence of calculi anywhere along the course of the urinary tracts. For the purpose of the article, the terms urolithiasis, nephrolithiasis, and renal/kidney stones are used interchangeably, although some authors have slightly varying definitions of each.
See main a...
Article
Teratoma
Teratomas are germ cell tumors that arise from ectopic pluripotent stem cells that fail to migrate from the yolk sac endoderm to the urogenital ridge during embryogenesis. By definition, they contain elements from all three embryological layers: endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm although frequentl...
Article
Peritesticular lipoma
Peritesticular lipoma is considered the most common benign tumor of the paratesticular tissues and spermatic cord (can comprising around 45% of paratesticular masses).
Clinical presentation
Often manifests as an incidentally discovered nontender scrotal mass. Can affect patients over a wide ag...
Article
Stoma
A stoma (plural stomata) is defined as an artificially created connection between two hollow organs or a hollow organ and the skin. A surgical procedure that involves the creation of a stoma carries the suffix "-ostomy".
For a discussion of imaging features and potential complications, please r...
Article
Intrapelvic cup migration
Intrapelvic cup migration is a serious complication after total hip arthroplasty, in which the prosthetic acetabular cup migrates or drifts into the pelvic inlet.
Epidemiology
Fortunately, this complication is very rare. There seems to be a female predisposition 1-3.
Risk factors
Factors inc...
Article
Von Hippel-Lindau disease
Von Hippel-Lindau (vHL) disease is characterized by the development of numerous benign and malignant tumors in different organs (at least 40 types 1) due to mutations in the VHL tumor suppressor gene on chromosome 3.
Epidemiology
The disease is rare with an estimated prevalence of 1:35,000-50,...
Article
Melioidosis
Melioidosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei (previously known as Pseudomonas pseudomallei) and is a multisystem disorder which may affect the lungs, brain, visceral organs, or musculoskeletal system.
Epidemiology
Melioidosis is a disease of the monsoo...
Article
Ductal adenocarcinoma of the prostate
Ductal adenocarcinomas of the prostate or prostatic ductal adenocarcinomas are malignant glandular neoplasms of the prostate and tend to be more aggressive than acinar adenocarcinomas.
Terminology
Due to its morphologic resemblance, it has been formerly referred to as 'endometrial' or 'endomet...
Article
Varicocele grading on color Doppler
Varicocele grading on color Doppler can be done variably. The most elaborate and widely-accepted grading was given by Sarteschi, as below.
For a general discussion of this condition refer to the article: varicocele.
Evaluation
baseline greyscale study in supine position and measure the diame...
Article
Neuroblastoma (staging)
There are two methods of neuroblastoma staging, one that is based on post-operative patients (INSS) and one developed for pre-treatment patients (INRGSS).
Staging
International Neuroblastoma Staging System (INSS)
This staging system is for post-operative patients and mainly for prognosis 1:
...
Article
Bosniak classification system of renal cystic masses (version 2005)
The Bosniak classification system of renal cystic masses, now known as Bosniak v2005, divides renal cystic masses into five categories based on imaging characteristics on contrast-enhanced CT, and helps predict a risk of malignancy and suggests either follow-up or treatment. An updated classific...
Article
Prostatic abscess
Prostatic abscesses are a rare complication of prostatitis.
Epidemiology
Prostatic abscesses have become relatively uncommon due to the increased use of antibiotic therapy in patients with prostatitis. It tends to affect diabetic and immunosuppressed patients. Most patients affected are aroun...
Article
Pelvic organ prolapse
Pelvic organ prolapse refers to a pathological downward herniation of various pelvic organ structures into or through the perineum. It usually results from pelvic floor weakness by impairment of various ligaments, fasciae, and muscles that support the pelvic organs.
In its most severe form, it ...
Article
Whirlpool sign (testicular torsion)
The whirlpool sign of the spermatic cord is a direct sign of testicular torsion, both complete and incomplete (i.e. <360°). It is considered to be the most specific and sensitive sign for testicular torsion.
Terminology
The term whirlpool sign is used in other contexts: see whirlpool sign (dis...
Article
Tunica albuginea cyst
Tunica albuginea cysts are the most common extratesticular benign scrotal mass lesion. They are a type of scrotal tunica cyst.
Epidemiology
The mean age at presentation of tunica albuginea cysts is 40 years, although they may be seen in the 5th and 6th decades.
Clinical presentation
Tunica a...
Article
Renal angiomyolipoma
Renal angiomyolipomas (AML) are a type of benign renal neoplasm encountered both sporadically and as part of a phakomatosis, most commonly tuberous sclerosis. They are considered one of a number of tumors with perivascular epithelioid cellular differentiation (PEComas) and are composed of vascul...
Article
Whitmore-Jewett staging system (historical)
The Whitmore-Jewett staging system (also known as the Jewett staging system or ABCD system) is a superseded staging system for prostate cancer. It was developed by the American Urological Association (AUA). Most societies (including AUA) and clinicians now advocate and use the TNM staging system...
Article
Adrenal vein sampling
Adrenal vein sampling (AVS) is a procedure where blood is collected from the adrenal veins via catheter to confirm autonomous hormone production, if it is unilateral or bilateral, and to guide further treatment 1. If unilateral, the adrenal gland can be removed by surgery; thus curing secondary ...
Article
Kidneys
The kidneys are paired retroperitoneal organs that lie at the level of the T12 to L3 vertebral bodies.
Gross anatomy
Location
The kidneys are located to either side of the vertebral column in the perirenal space of the retroperitoneum, within the posterior abdominal wall. The long axis of the...
Article
Clitoral ultrasound
Clitoral ultrasound is a modality for imaging clitoral pathology, which can be the etiology of female sexual dysfunction. It can also be performed before and after gynecologic surgery to assess clitoral anatomy and blood flow. The exam involves a transperineal component.
Normal ultrasound anato...
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