Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
620 results found
Article
Valsalva maneuver
The Valsalva maneuver is the forced expiration of air against a closed airway, resulting in increased intra-abdominal, intrathoracic, and pharyngeal pressure. It can be performed against a closed glottis or by one closing the mouth and pinching the nose while forcibly exhaling.
It is commonly u...
Article
Vascular Ehlers Danlos syndrome
Vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) or type IV Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS 4) is the most malignant form of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. This form is often accompanied by neurovascular complications secondary to vessel dissections and/or aneurysms.
Epidemiology
Vascular EDS represents about 4% of...
Article
Venetian blind appearance (uterus)
The Venetian blind (a.k.a. rain shower 2) appearance is a sonographic finding that is typically associated with adenomyosis but can also occur in uterine fibroids. The Venetian blind appearance associated with adenomyosis is typically "thin" whereas when associated with uterine fibroids, there a...
Article
Venous intravasation
Venous intravasation is the unintended introduction of radiographic contrast material into the local venous system. It is a well-recognized phenomenon during retrograde urethrograms 1,2 and hysterosalpingograms (HSG), although can occur with other invasive procedures in the vicinity of venous pl...
Article
Vesicovaginal fistula
Vesicovaginal fistulas are abnormal fistulous connections between the urinary bladder and vagina, resulting in an involuntary discharge of urine through the vagina.
Epidemiology
The overall incidence of vesicovaginal fistula is unknown but was reported to be 2.11 per 100 births in Nigeria 1.
...
Article
Vesicovaginal reflux
Vesicovaginal reflux is a well-known entity rarely encountered by radiologists. It is a behavioral disorder, a type of dysfunctional elimination syndrome commonly encountered in pre-pubertal girls. It is defined as reflux of urine into the vaginal vault either in supine or upright position durin...
Article
Vestibule (disambiguation)
A vestibule is an anatomical term and refers to a small cavity at the proximal end of a tube. It may refer to:
vestibule (aorta)
vestibule (ear)
vestibule (larynx)
vestibule (mouth)
vestibule (nose)
vestibule (esophagus)
vestibule (vulva)
History and etymology
Vestibule derives ultimate...
Article
Vestibule of the vulva
The vestibule of the vulva (vestibule of the vagina in some texts 2) is the area between the labia minora, and posterior to the glans of the clitoris. It marks the boundary between the vagina and the vulva. The urethra, vagina and the greater vestibular glands open out into the vestibule.
Article
Viscera
The viscera (singular: viscus) refers to all the internal organs within the major cavities of the thorax, abdomen and pelvis. Therefore it does not include organs of the CNS, head and neck or musculoskeletal compartments nor does it encompass non-internal organs (e.g. the skin) 1.
Splanchnology...
Article
Vulva
The vulva (plurals: vulvas or vulvae), also known as the pudendum, (plural: pudenda) is the collective term given to the female external genitalia.
The vulva consists of the:
mons pubis
labia majora
labia minora
clitoris
bulbs of the vestibule
vestibule of the vulva
vaginal opening
hyme...
Article
Vulval cancer (staging)
Staging of vulval cancer can be done with either the AJCC or FIGO systems, although both are similar.
Staging
FIGO
stage I: tumor confined to the vulva
IA: lesions ≤2 cm in size, confined to the vulva or perineum and with stromal invasion ≤1.0 mm*, no nodal metastasis
IB: lesions N2 cm in ...
Article
Vulval neoplasms
Vulval neoplasms are rare and mostly seen in elderly female patients. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common malignancy of the vulva and only 30% of them are associated with oncogenic human papillomaviruses (HPVs).
Pathology
Squamous neoplastic lesions
Premalignant
classic vulvar...
Article
Vulvar varices
Vulvar varices (or vulval) are dilated superficial veins of the external female genitalia, which are primarily seen during pregnancy and usually resolve spontaneously postpartum.
Epidemiology
Vulvar varicosities are seen in up to 4% of pregnant females in the vulvar and perivulvar region, and ...
Article
Vulvodynia
Vulvodynia is defined as chronic pain of the vulva of at least three months duration, without an obviously identifiable cause and it is a diagnosis of exclusion and a form of idiopathic pain disorder 1,2.
Epidemiology
The incidence of vulvodynia was reported to be ~5% (range 4-8%) in reproduc...
Article
Waist sign hydrosalpinx
The waist sign arises from the folding of a distended tube upon itself producing indentations on diametrically opposite sides. The waist sign is specific for hydrosalpinx and virtually pathognomonic when seen in association with a tubular-shaped cystic mass.
See also
cogwheel sign
beads on a ...
Article
Whirlpool sign (mesentery)
The whirlpool sign of the mesentery, also known as the whirl sign, is seen when the bowel rotates around its mesentery leading to whirls of the mesenteric vessels.
Terminology
The term whirlpool sign is used in other contexts: see whirlpool sign (disambiguation).
Radiographic features
It is...
Article
Whirlpool sign (ovarian torsion)
The whirlpool sign or whirl sign of ovarian torsion is characterized by the appearance of a twisted ovarian pedicle, which can be seen on ultrasound, CT, and MRI 1,2.
Terminology
The term whirlpool sign is used in other contexts: see whirlpool sign (disambiguation).
Radiographic features
It...
Article
WHO classification of uterine tumors
The World Health Organization (WHO) classification of tumors of the uterine corpus is a commonly used classification system for uterine tumors. It is part of the 5th edition WHO classification of female genital tumors, published in 2020 1.
Classification
Endometrial epithelial tumors and prec...
Article
WHO histological classification of tumors of the uterine cervix
The WHO histological classification is a detailed classification of tumors of the uterine cervix.
epithelial tumors
squamous tumors and precursors
squamous cell carcinoma, not otherwise specified - 8070/3
keratinizing - 8071/3
non-keratinizing - 8072/3
basaloid - 8083/3
verrucous - 8051/3...
Article
Yolk sac tumor
Yolk sac tumor (YST), also known as an endodermal sinus tumor, is a type of malignant germ cell tumor.
Epidemiology
Yolk sac tumors usually develop in infants, young children, and young women 1.
Pathology
Yolk sac tumors are non-epithelial tumors of germ-cell origin.
Location
Yolk sac tumo...
Unable to process the form. Check for errors and try again.