Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
719 results found
Article
Saber sign (pneumobilia)
The saber sign refers to a pattern of gas distribution seen in supine abdominal radiographs of patients with pneumobilia. A sword-shaped lucency is apparent in the right paraspinal region of the upper abdomen representing arching gas extending from the common bile duct into the left hepatic duc...
Article
Biliary intraepithelial neoplasia
Biliary intraepithelial neoplasia (BilIN) is considered to be a precursor lesion of cholangiocarcinoma, but the frequency at which this transition occurs is unknown.
Terminology
Before 2005, biliary atypia or biliary dysplasia were terms usually employed to refer to BilIN 5.
Epidemiology
T...
Article
Bile sump syndrome
Bile sump syndrome refers to a complication following a side-to-side choledochoduodenostomy.
Epidemiology
This complication occurs in ~1% of patients following a side-to-side choledochoduodenostomy.
Clinical presentation
Recurrent abdominal pain, cholangitis, pancreatitis, or biliary obstr...
Article
Obstructive jaundice (summary)
This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists
Obstructive jaundice represents a set of conditions that cause jaundice by obstructing the flow of bile into the duodenum anywhere along the intrahepatic or extrahepatic biliary tree.
Reference article
This is a summary a...
Article
Copper toxicity
Copper toxicity, also known as copper poisoning or copperiedus, is the pathological result of excess elemental copper in the body. It may be acute, resulting in acute copper toxicosis, or a more chronic form, typified by Wilson disease.
Clinical presentation
Acute copper toxicosis
Acute toxi...
Article
Atoll sign (disambiguation)
The atoll sign in radiology can refer to:
reverse halo sign: atoll sign in thoracic CT
atoll sign in liver MRI: suggestive of an inflammatory hepatic adenoma
Article
Multiple focal nodular hyperplasia syndrome
Multiple focal nodular hyperplasia occurs in approximately 20-25% of patients with focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH). It is defined by The International Working Party as consisting of two or more FNHs in combination with 1:
liver hemangioma or
vascular malformations (most frequent types: hepatic...
Article
Denver shunt
A Denver shunt, or peritoneovenous shunt, is a device used to shunt ascites to the superior vena cava in patients with refractory ascites.
The proximal end is located in the peritoneal cavity and the distal end in the superior vena cava, with a subcutaneous course in the anterior chest wall. It...
Article
Liver lobules
Liver lobules are the basic functional units of the liver. They are classically described ('classic lobules') as hexagonal structures made of six vertically aligned portal canals with a central vein. However, microscopic evaluation of the liver usually shows a lack of classic liver lobule as a w...
Article
Abdominal radiology for students (curriculum)
This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists
Abdominal radiology curriculum for medical students is broadly split into content that refers to imaging (the test and findings) and conditions that are considered key for this stage of training.
Some non-abdominal conditi...
Article
Hepatic siderotic nodules
Hepatic siderotic nodules are a type of regenerative nodule formed in a cirrhotic liver. They occur in hepatic hemosiderosis. The nodules have an increased iron content compared with other regenerative nodules. They may be non-dysplastic or dysplastic.
Pathology
The reason why these nodules co...
Article
Macrolipasemia
Macrolipasemia is the presence of serum lipase of a large molecular size, seen occasionally in otherwise healthy individuals, but more commonly in various diseases. Lipase is able to self-polymerize and/or form complexes with other blood proteins e.g. immunoglobulins.
Epidemiology
Epidemiologi...
Article
Macroamylasemia
Macroamylasemia is the presence of serum amylase of a large molecular size, seen in both otherwise healthy individuals, and also in various diseases. Amylase seems to be able to self-polymerize and/or form complexes with other blood proteins, e.g. immunoglobulins.
Epidemiology
Macroamylasemia ...
Article
Hepatocellular carcinoma (surveillance)
Hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance programs have been adopted by some health systems in attempts to effect an early diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in high-risk populations.
Rationale
The idea behind hepatocellular carcinoma screening, as with any screening program, is to detect clin...
Article
Aflatoxins
Aflatoxins are naturally-occurring mycotoxins that are produced by Aspergillus species, especially Aspergillus flavus. They are acutely toxic and carcinogenic.
Acute exposure
High-level aflatoxin exposure can result in acute aflatoxicosis with acute hepatic necrosis, leading to cirrhosis, and ...
Article
Lipase
Lipase, more specifically pancreatic lipase, is an enzyme produced in the pancreas and is responsible for the digestion of fat molecules. It may be raised (hyperlipasemia) in numerous pancreatic, hepatobiliary and other diseases but is most commonly associated with acute pancreatitis.
Physiolog...
Article
Acute pancreatitis (summary)
This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists
Acute pancreatitis refers to acute inflammation of the pancreas and is a potentially life-threatening condition.
Reference article
This is a summary article; read more in our article on acute pancreatitis.
Summary
anato...
Article
Hypertrophy of the caudate lobe
Hypertrophy of the caudate lobe is seen in a number of conditions, including:
cirrhosis: most common
Budd-Chiari syndrome
primary sclerosing cholangitis (end stage)
congenital hepatic fibrosis
cavernous transformation of the portal vein
Radiographic features
The caudate-right lobe ratio m...
Article
Reticuloendothelial system
The reticuloendothelial system (RES) comprises a number of tissues:
spleen
bone marrow
liver Kupffer cells
Article
Hepascore
Hepascore is a biochemical severity scoring system based on liver function tests in predicting the extent of liver fibrosis/cirrhosis in patients with hepatitis C infection. Hepascore may also be applicable to other liver diseases and is being trialed for fatty liver disease and hepatitis B infe...
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