Articles
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700 results found
Article
Elbow dislocation
Elbow dislocation is the second most common large joint dislocation in adults and the most common in children.
Epidemiology
Elbow dislocations are common and account for 10-25% of all elbow injuries in the adult population 1. They are the most common dislocation in children 4.
Associations
...
Article
Goldman classification of urethral injuries
The Goldman classification of urethral injuries is a more widely accepted classification than one proposed by the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST). The Goldman classification is based on the anatomical location of the urethral injury and was initially proposed by Colapinto a...
Article
Apophyseal avulsion fractures of the pelvis and hip
Apophyseal avulsion fractures of the pelvis and hip are relatively common among physically active adolescents and young adults.
Epidemiology
Pelvic and hip apophyseal injuries typically occur in the 14 to 25 year age range.
Mechanism
Kicking sports, such as soccer, and gymnastics are frequen...
Article
Clavicular fracture
Clavicular fractures are common and account for ~5% (range 2.6-10%) of all fractures 2,3. They usually require minimal treatment, which relies on analgesia and a collar-and-cuff. However, in some cases, open reduction and internal fixation are required.
Epidemiology
Clavicular fractures are mo...
Article
Pisiform fracture
Pisiform fractures are an uncommon fracture of the carpal bones.
Epidemiology
They are only thought to account for ~1-2% of all carpal fractures. Some older sources suggest that they are rarer than this but consensus seems to be that trapezoid fractures are the rarest 6.
Approximately 50% occ...
Article
Popeye sign
Popeye sign is a pronounced bulging muscle in the distal aspect of the biceps region of the arm. It is clinically apparent with a complete long head of biceps tendon tear which causes distal migration of the long head of biceps muscle.
History and etymology
Defined by the distal migration of...
Article
Le Fort fracture classification
Le Fort fractures are fractures of the midface, which collectively involve separation of all or a portion of the midface from the skull base. In order to be separated from the skull base, the pterygoid plates of the sphenoid bone need to be involved as these connect the midface to the sphenoid b...
Article
Penetrating trauma
Penetrating trauma is a type of trauma in which a foreign body or bodies penetrate the skin, create a wound and injure the deeper tissues. The foreign body can remain in the patient or can exit the patient, either through the same entry wound (e.g. knife stabbing) or via a separate exit wound (t...
Article
Subcapsular perirenal hematoma
A subcapsular perirenal hematoma is a form of perirenal hematoma where blood accumulates beneath the renal capsular margin.
Pathology
It can arise from a number of causes
trauma, important in assessing renal trauma grading
post procedural, e.g. extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL) 5,...
Article
Stab wound (overview)
Stab wounds are a form of penetrating trauma that may be self-inflicted or inflicted by another person either accidentally or intentionally. They may be caused by a variety of objects and may occur anywhere in the body.
Terminology
Although commonly caused by a knife as well, slash injuries di...
Article
Gunshot injuries
Gunshot injuries are a type of penetrating trauma that often require imaging assessment, and this evaluation has both clinical relevance (assessment of organ damage, surgical planning, and prognostication), and often also forensic implications.
Epidemiology
Incidence of gunshot injuries to the...
Article
Penetrating traumatic neck injury
Penetrating traumatic neck injury can be a potentially devastating injury due to the high density of crucial anatomical structures within the neck.
Epidemiology
Young males are highly represented in patients with a traumatic neck injury. In one study, 11:1 ratio of males to females were ident...
Article
Pronator quadratus sign
The pronator quadratus sign, also known as MacEwan sign, can be an indirect sign of distal forearm trauma. It relies on displacement of the fat pad that lies superficial to the pronator quadratus muscle as seen on a lateral wrist radiograph.
Pathology
Displacement, anterior bowing, or oblitera...
Article
Degloving injury
Degloving is a term for a severe injury in which the skin and underlying tissues are forcefully separated from the underlying structures, resembling the removal of a glove from the hand.
Degloving injury can refer to a number of conditions:
degloving soft tissue injury
Morel-Lavallée lesion ...
Article
Pancreatic trauma injury grading
A number of pancreatic injury grading systems have been proposed for pancreatic trauma.
Classifications
American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) 5,7
The proximal pancreas is defined as the gland to the right of the superior mesenteric vein (SMV)-portal vein axis whereas the dista...
Article
Incomplete fracture
Incomplete fractures are a heterogeneous group of fractures that predominantly occur in the long bones of pediatric patients. Rang 1 describes a continuum of fractures that occur with increasing longitudinal force applied along the length of the bone. At the point where force exceeds the structu...
Article
Boxer fracture
Boxer fractures are minimally comminuted, transverse fractures of the 5th metacarpal neck, and are the most common type of metacarpal fracture.
A boxer's knuckle is a separate entity, which is a tear of the metacarpophalangeal joint sagittal band that causes subluxation of the associated exten...
Article
Sternoclavicular joint injury
Sternoclavicular joint injuries are uncommon and can vary from a mild joint capsule sprain to serious dislocation. This article is focussed on sternoclavicular joint dislocations.
Epidemiology
Most cases result from indirect trauma 5, especially high-speed motor vehicle accidents. They can ra...
Article
Diaphragmatic rupture
Diaphragmatic rupture often results from blunt abdominal trauma. The mechanism of injury is typically a motor-vehicle collision.
Epidemiology
Given that the most common mechanism is motor vehicle collisions, it is perhaps unsurprising that young men are most frequently affected. The estimated ...
Article
Traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage
Traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (tSAH) is a common injury, and trauma is the most common cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) 5.
Epidemiology
Traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage occurs in ~35% (range 11-60%) of traumatic brain injuries 1.
Pathology
Traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage is mo...
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