Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
786 results found
Article
Gartner duct cyst
Gartner duct cysts develop from embryologic remnants of the Wolffian (mesonephric) duct. They are often noticed incidentally on ultrasound or MRI.
Epidemiology
Associations
Gartner duct cysts most often are isolated findings, but can also be associated with abnormalities of the metanephric ur...
Article
Congenital utero-vaginal anomalies
There are many classification systems for congenital utero-vaginal anomalies. These include:
Buttram and Gibbons classification 2
American Fertility Society (AFS) classification
Modified Rock and Adam - AFS classification
Modified Rock and Adam - AFS classification
This classification divid...
Article
Beta-hCG
Beta-hCG (bHCG or β-hCG) is a sex hormone found in the mother's blood serum that can be used to help interpret obstetric ultrasound findings.
Beta-hCG levels may be used in three ways in the clinical setting of pregnancy:
qualitatively, for presence/absence of fetal tissue
more often determin...
Article
Fetal transverse cerebellar diameter
In obstetric imaging, the fetal transverse cerebellar diameter (TCD) is often measured as an additional fetal biometric parameter. It is measured as the maximal diameter between the cerebellar hemispheres on an axial scan. The value of the transverse cerebellar diameter in mm's is considered rou...
Article
Binocular distance
The binocular distance (BOD) is a measurement between the two lateral (outer) canthi of each eye. It is sometimes used as a accessory fetal biometric parameter where it is often documented on both 2nd trimester anatomy scans on axial brain scans. The largest diameter of the orbit should be used ...
Article
Umbilical cord prolapse
Umbilical cord prolapse is a situation where the umbilical cord protrudes into the cervical canal.
Epidemiology
The estimated incidence is at 0.2-0.5% of all pregnancies 4,5.
Pathology
Associations
Recognized associations include
multifetal pregnancy: twin gestation
non cephalic/abnormal...
Article
False umbilical cord knot
False umbilical cord knots are commonly formed variants in the anatomy of the umbilical cord. It basically represents an exaggerated looping of the umbilical cord vessels, causing focal dilatation of the umbilical cord vessels.
Radiographic features
Ultrasound
bulge or protuberance in the umb...
Article
Congenital talipes equinovarus
Congenital talipes equinovarus is considered the most common anomaly affecting the feet diagnosed on antenatal ultrasound.
Terminology
While some use talipes equinovarus and clubfoot synonymously, in certain publications, the term clubfoot is considered a more general descriptive term that des...
Article
Forked umbilical cord
Forked umbilical cord is a rare anomaly of the umbilical cord, which can be detected on an antenatal scan. The umbilical cord splits into two cords and contains three vessels in each of the bifurcated cords. This anomaly is seen associated with monochorionic twins.
Radiographic features
Ultras...
Article
Umbilical cord entanglement
Umbilical cord entanglement is a feature which can mean either one or more loops of the umbilical cord encircling any part of the fetal body or two umbilical cords becoming entangled with each other 3. In the latter situation, it is a classical feature of a monochorionic-monoamniotic twin pregna...
Article
T sign (obstetrics)
The T sign is really the absence of a twin peak sign (or lambda (λ) sign) and is used in ultrasound assessment of a multifetal pregnancy.
It refers to the lack of chorion extending between the layers of the intertwin membrane, denoting a monochorionic pregnancy. The intertwin membrane comes to ...
Article
T sign (disambiguation)
The T sign has been described in several different pathologies:
T sign (obstetrics)
T sign (elbow MRI)
upper T sign (brain)
lower T sign (brain)
See also
tau sign
Article
Cesarian scar endometriosis
Cesarian scar endometriosis can be located in the skin, subcutaneous tissue, rectus muscle/sheath, intraperitoneally, or in the uterine myometrium (within uterine scar).
Epidemiology
The reported incidence of abdominal scar endometriosis following cesarean section is 0.03-0.6% 6.
Clinical pre...
Article
Decidual reaction
A decidual reaction is a feature seen in very early pregnancy where there is thickening of the endometrium around the gestational sac, which is seen as an echogenic rim on ultrasound. A thin decidual reaction of <2 mm is considered one of the features suggestive of an anembryonic pregnancy 2. A ...
Article
Amyoplasia congenita
Amyoplasia congenita is a syndrome characterized by multiple specific congenital joint contractures, associated with substitution of muscular tissue by fibrosis and adipose tissue.
Epidemiology
The estimated incidence is at 1: 10000 live births. There may be a higher prevalence with twin preg...
Article
Omphalopagus
Omphalopagus twins are joined at the front and at the level of the umbilicus.
Commonly involved structures are lower thorax fusion and liver fusion. Pericardium may be common, but the heart is never shared. Stomach and the proximal small intestines are usually separate but the small intestines ...
Article
Symphyseal fundal height
Symphyseal fundal height (SFH) is commonly used measurement practiced primarily used to detect fetal intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR).
For fetuses after 24 weeks' gestation, it is measured using a tape as the distance
from
- the pubic symphysis (by identifying the upper border of the sy...
Article
Intrauterine growth restriction
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) or fetal growth restriction (FGR) is defined as an estimated fetal weight (EFW) and/or abdominal circumference (AC) at one point in time during pregnancy being below 3rd percentile or EFW and/or AC below the 10th percentile for gestational age with deranged...
Article
Premature rupture of membranes
Premature rupture of membranes (PROM) refers to a rupture of the amniotic sac and chorion (membranes) occurring prior to the onset of uterine contractions. When this occurs prior to 37 weeks it is then termed a pre term premature rupture of membranes (PPROM). By this definition, PROM is classifi...
Article
Fetal arteriovenous malformations
A fetal arteriovenous malformation (FAVM) is essentially an arteriovenous malformation that presenting in utero. They tend to be very different in location to those that commonly occur in children and adults.
They include
fetal intracranial arteriovenous malformations
vein of Galen malformati...
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