Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
620 results found
Article
Deep endometriosis (transvaginal ultrasound)
Transvaginal ultrasound (TV) for deep endometriosis is a specialized ultrasound technique used for the detection of deep endometriosis (DE). It differs from a traditional pelvic ultrasound in that the scan is extended beyond the uterus and ovaries to assess the anterior and posterior pelvic comp...
Article
Whirlpool sign (ovarian torsion)
The whirlpool sign or whirl sign of ovarian torsion is characterized by the appearance of a twisted ovarian pedicle, which can be seen on ultrasound, CT, and MRI 1,2.
Terminology
The term whirlpool sign is used in other contexts: see whirlpool sign (disambiguation).
Radiographic features
It...
Article
Whirlpool sign (mesentery)
The whirlpool sign of the mesentery, also known as the whirl sign, is seen when the bowel rotates around its mesentery leading to whirls of the mesenteric vessels.
Terminology
The term whirlpool sign is used in other contexts: see whirlpool sign (disambiguation).
Radiographic features
It is...
Article
Abdominal pain in pregnancy protocol (MRI)
The abdominal pain in pregnancy MRI protocol encompasses a set of MRI sequences for assessment of causes of non-traumatic abdominal pain in pregnancy.
Note: This article aims to frame a general concept of an MRI protocol for the assessment of the abdomen in pregnancy. Protocol specifics will va...
Article
Acute non-traumatic abdominal pain in pregnancy
Acute non-traumatic abdominal pain in pregnancy requires a considered imaging approach due to the increased risks of fetal demise associated with undiagnosed diseases such as perforated acute appendicitis. Ultrasound is the first-line modality due to its wide availability and ability to diagnose...
Article
Ovarian-Adnexal Reporting and Data System Ultrasound (O-RADS US)
The Ovarian-Adnexal Reporting and Data System Ultrasound (O-RADS US) forms the ultrasound component of the Ovarian-Adnexal Reporting and Data System (O-RADS). This system aims to ensure that there are uniform unambiguous sonographic evaluations of ovarian or other adnexal lesions, accurately ass...
Article
Isolated cleft palate
An isolated cleft palate is a type of facial cleft. This is a much rarer occurrence than a cleft lip +/- palate and is thought to represent a different pathological entity.
Epidemiology
The estimated incidence is at ~1 per 2000-2500 pregnancies 4-5. There may be a slight female predilection 4....
Article
Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome
Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome (MRKH), also known as Müllerian aplasia, is a congenital anomaly characterized by vaginal and uterine aplasia or agenesis 9. It is usually also associated with a spectrum of other genitourinary tract abnormalities. MRKH syndrome belongs to class I Mulleria...
Article
Ureterovaginal fistula
Ureterovaginal fistulae refer to abnormal communications between the lumina of the ureter(s) and the vagina.
Clinical presentation
Patients usually present with urinary incontinence through the vagina which may be accompanied by fever and chills 1. Symptoms usually begin within 2-4 weeks foll...
Article
Inguinal endometriosis
Inguinal endometriosis is an unusual extrapelvic site for endometriosis.
Epidemiology
The estimated incidence is <0.1% among those having endometriosis 4. There is an increased right-sided predilection (~85% of reported cases) 9.
Clinical presentation
Patients may present with a tender groin...
Article
Cesarian scar endometriosis
Cesarian scar endometriosis can be located in the skin, subcutaneous tissue, rectus muscle/sheath, intraperitoneally, or in the uterine myometrium (within uterine scar).
Epidemiology
The reported incidence of abdominal scar endometriosis following cesarean section is 0.03-0.6% 6.
Clinical pre...
Article
Unicornuate uterus
A unicornuate uterus or unicornis unicollis is a type of Müllerian duct anomaly (class II). It is also known as a banana-shaped uterus6,7, because of the shape the single horn assumes, and it usually drains into a single fallopian tube.
Epidemiology
This type can account for ~10% (range 6-13%)...
Article
Hand-foot-genital syndrome
Hand-foot-genital syndrome (previously known as hand-foot-uterus syndrome) refers to a rare hereditary disorder with abnormalities involving the hands, feet and uterus.
Hand-foot-genital syndrome should not be confused with:
hand-foot syndrome (sickle cell disease)
hand-foot-and-mouth disease...
Article
Müllerian duct anomalies
Müllerian duct anomalies (MDAs) are congenital abnormalities that occur when the Müllerian ducts (paramesonephric ducts) do not develop correctly. This may be as a result of complete agenesis, defective vertical or lateral fusion, or resorption failure.
Epidemiology
MDAs are estimated to occur...
Article
Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome
Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) syndrome is caused by a mutation to either BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes. These patients have an increased risk of breast cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer and prostate cancer. However, these gene mutations are not the only cause of hereditary breast ca...
Article
Hydrocele of the canal of Nuck
Hydrocele of the canal of Nuck is a rare condition in female children caused by a failure of complete obliteration of the canal of Nuck 1. The canal of Nuck is an abnormal patent pouch of peritoneum extending anterior to the round ligament of the uterus into the labia majora 2. Incomplete oblite...
Article
Clitoris
The clitoris (plural: clitorides), the female homologue of the penis, and part of the female reproductive system, is situated at the anterior aspect of the labia minora. The clitoris, like the penis, is formed of a body and glans, formed respectively from the crura of the clitoris and the bulbs ...
Article
Rupture of fetal membranes
A rupture of membranes (ROM) or amniorrhexis is a term used during pregnancy to describe a rupture of the amniotic sac. This can occur as part of normal birth (or "spontaneously") if it occurs at full term at the onset of, or during, labor. It is also colloquially known as "breaking water."
S...
Article
Ruptured ovarian cyst
Ruptured ovarian cysts are one of the most common causes of acute pelvic pain in premenopausal women. The sonographic appearance depends on whether a simple or hemorrhagic ovarian cyst ruptures, and whether the cyst has completely collapsed. The most important differential consideration is a rup...
Article
Pessary
A pessary is a device inserted into the vagina which can either be mechanical or pharmaceutical.
Terminology
Strictly speaking, a pessary only refers to a medical device designed to be placed in the vagina to support the pelvic floor. Therefore, stating vaginal pessary is tautologous, although...
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