Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
620 results found
Article
Chronic pelvic pain
Chronic pelvic pain is a common presenting symptom to primary care physicians and radiologists. Pelvic ultrasound with transabdominal and endovaginal approaches are usually the first-line imaging modality. MRI may be performed as an adjunct test.
Clinical presentation
non-cyclical pain (exclud...
Article
Clear cell carcinoma of the cervix
Clear cell carcinoma of the cervix (CCCC) is a rare adenocarcinoma subtype of cervical cancer.
Epidemiology
Due to association with diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure in some patients, this subtype may have a younger age at presentation than other histological subtypes. This subtype can sometim...
Article
Clear cell carcinoma of the endometrium
Clear cell carcinoma (CCC) of the endometrium is an uncommon histological subtype of endometrial cancer, only accounting for 1-5.5% of all endometrial carcinomas. It is often associated with an aggressive clinical behavior and poorer outcome 4,5. Only few case reports have described MRI findings...
Article
Clear cell ovarian carcinoma
Clear cell carcinoma of the ovary is a subtype of malignant ovarian epithelial tumor.
Epidemiology
They represent ~2-5% of all ovarian carcinomas and ~4-12% of epithelial ovarian neoplasms. The mean age at presentation is ~10 years younger than for other ovarian epithelial tumors (peak ~55 yea...
Article
Clitoral ultrasound
Clitoral ultrasound is a modality for imaging clitoral pathology, which can be the etiology of female sexual dysfunction. It can also be performed before and after gynecologic surgery to assess clitoral anatomy and blood flow. The exam involves a transperineal component.
Normal ultrasound anato...
Article
Clitoris
The clitoris (plural: clitorides), the female homologue of the penis, and part of the female reproductive system, is situated at the anterior aspect of the labia minora. The clitoris, like the penis, is formed of a body and glans, formed respectively from the crura of the clitoris and the bulbs ...
Article
Cloverleaf sign (deep infiltrating endometriosis)
The cloverleaf sign is an MRI sign of deep infiltrating endometriosis described in one case series 1. It is detectable on T2W sequences in sagittal, coronal, and axial planes when at least three organs (uterus, ovaries, rectum, bowel loops, etc.) are brought closer by constrictive adhesions and ...
Article
Cogwheel sign
The cogwheel sign refers to the pelvic imaging appearance of dilated loops of fallopian tube seen in cross-section. It represents infolding projections (sometimes looking like nodules) into the fallopian tube lumen which are likened to that of a cogwheel. The sign is typically described on ultra...
Article
Colovaginal fistula
Colovaginal fistula is one form of genitourinary fistula. It is also sometimes classed under a type of gastro-intestinal fistula.
Pathology
It refers to a communication between the colon (typically the rectum or sigmoid colon) with the vagina.
At times, specific terms are used dependent on th...
Article
Common calcifying metastases (mnemonic)
A simple mnemonic to recall a list of commonly calcifying metastases is:
BOTOM
Mnemonic
B: breast cancer
O: osteosarcoma
T: papillary thyroid cancer
O: ovarian cancer (especially mucinous)
M: mucinous adenocarcinoma (especially colorectal carcinoma)
Article
Complex adnexal mass - differential diagnosis (mnemonic)
A mnemonic for the differential diagnosis of complex adnexal masses is:
CHEETAH
Mnemonic
C: cystadenoma/cystadenocarcinoma (serous and mucinous)
H: hemorrhagic ovarian cyst
E: endometrioma
E: ectopic pregnancy
T: teratoma/torsion
A: abscess (tubo-ovarian)
H: hydrosalpinx/hematosalpinx (...
Article
Congenital utero-vaginal anomalies
There are many classification systems for congenital utero-vaginal anomalies. These include:
Buttram and Gibbons classification 2
American Fertility Society (AFS) classification
Modified Rock and Adam - AFS classification
Modified Rock and Adam - AFS classification
This classification divid...
Article
Corpus albicans
The corpus albicans is a fibrous scar that results from the involution of the corpus luteum if fertilisation does not occur. When seen on ultrasound, it is a small, lobulated echogenic intra-ovarian lesion.
History and etymology
It is Latin for "whitening body", after the white appearance of ...
Article
Corpus luteal cyst
Corpus luteal (CL) cysts are a type of functional ovarian cyst that results when a corpus luteum fails to regress following the release of an ovum. When associated with pregnancy, it is the most common pelvic mass encountered within the 1st trimester. There is also some overlap with the term "he...
Article
Corpus luteal cyst rupture
Ruptured corpus luteal cysts are one of the commonest causes of spontaneous hemoperitoneum in a woman of reproductive age.
Clinical presentation
Presentation is variable, ranging from completely asymptomatic to severe abdominal pain due to peritoneal irritation.
Pathology
The corpus luteum i...
Article
Corpus luteum
The corpus luteum (plural: corpora lutea) is a temporary endocrine structure involved in ovulation and early pregnancy.
During ovulation, the primary follicle forms the secondary follicle and subsequently the mature vesicular follicle.
At ovulation the follicle ruptures expelling the ovum into...
Article
Couvelaire uterus
Couvelaire uterus is a rare, non-fatal but severe complication of placental abruption.
Epidemiology
Its incidence is ~5% in all cases of placental abruption 1.
Pathology
It is caused by the seeping of blood/hematic infiltrate into the decidua basalis emerging as massive hematoma retroplace...
Article
CT abdomen-pelvis (protocol)
The CT abdomen-pelvis protocol serves as an outline for an examination of the whole abdomen including the pelvis. It is one of the most common CT protocols for any clinical questions related to the abdomen and/or in routine and emergencies. It forms also an integral part of trauma and oncologic ...
Article
CT pelvis (protocol)
The CT pelvis protocol serves as an outline for the acquisition of a pelvic CT. As a separate examination, it might be performed as a non-contrast or contrast study or might be combined with a CT hip or rarely with a CT cystogram. A pelvic CT might be also conducted as a part of other scans such...
Article
Cumulus oophorus
Cumulus oophorus refers to an appearance in the ovary in which multiple granulosa cells enlarge around a developing oocyte. These support cells ("cumulus cells") serve multiple functions in the maturation of the oocyte. They may occasionally be seen during a pelvic ultrasound, and should not be ...
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