Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
1,984 results found
Article
Tuberculous pleural effusion
A tuberculous pleural effusion is one of the manifestations of pleural tuberculosis. It can have variable presentation ranging from a largely benign pleural effusion, with potential to completely resolve to a complicated effusion with loculations, pleural thickening and potentially progressing t...
Article
Interstitial lung disease associated with primary biliary cholangitis
Interstitial lung disease associated with primary biliary cholangitis can occur in a variable pattern that can include 1:
pulmonary fibrosis
lymphoid interstitial pneumonia
non-specific interstitial pneumonia
bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia
Epidemiology
It may occur in a...
Article
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis (commonly abbreviated to TB, short for tubercle bacillus) encompasses an enormously wide disease spectrum affecting multiple organs and body systems predominantly caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A small proportion can also be caused by Mycobacterium bovis through drinking unpa...
Article
Crizotinib associated interstitial pneumonitis
Crizotinib associated interstitial pneumonitis is a type of drug-induced lung disease precipitated by a tyrosine kinase/anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitor Crizotinib used in the treatment of certain forms of non-small cell lung cancer that have certain mutations including the ROS1 mutati...
Article
Ventilator induced lung injury
Ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) is a type of acute lung injury usually inflicted or aggravated by mechanical ventilation. It may occur during invasive or non-invasive ventilation.
Pathology
The predominant mechanisms include:
alveolar overdistention (volutrauma) / regional lung overdist...
Article
Thymic hyperplasia
Thymic hyperplasia is a disorder whereby there is hyperplasia of the thymus.
Pathology
Thymic hyperplasia can be subdivided into two forms:
true thymic hyperplasia
lymphoid thymic hyperplasia
Both true thymic hyperplasia and lymphoid hyperplasia manifest as diffuse symmetric enlargement of...
Article
Aortic hiatus
The aortic hiatus is one of the three major apertures through the diaphragm and lies at the level of T12. Strictly speaking, it is not a real aperture in the diaphragm, but an osseoaponeurotic opening between it and the vertebral column.
The hiatus is situated slightly to the left of the midli...
Article
Water lily sign (hydatid cyst)
The water lily sign, also known as the camalote sign, is seen in hydatid infections when there is detachment of the endocyst membrane which results in floating membranes within the pericyst that mimic the appearance of a water lily.
It is classically described on plain radiographs (mainly chest...
Article
Pseudo Meigs syndrome
Pseudo Meigs syndrome refers to a clinical syndrome of pleural effusion and ascites associated with an ovarian tumor that is not a fibroma or a fibroma-like tumor.
Pathology
Entities that have been reported to result in pseudo Meigs syndrome include
Krukenberg tumors
colon carcinoma metastas...
Article
Pulmonary emphysema
Pulmonary emphysema is defined as the "abnormal permanent enlargement of the airspaces distal to the terminal bronchioles accompanied by destruction of the alveolar wall and without obvious fibrosis" 1. Emphysema is best evaluated on CT, although indirect signs may be noticed on conventional rad...
Article
Primary pulmonary artery leiomyosarcoma
Primary pulmonary artery leiomyosarcoma is a form of thoracic sarcoma and an extremely rare tumor of the thorax.
Epidemiology
The reported incidence rate is very low at around ~0.001-0.03%. Most patients are around 40 and 60 years at time of diagnosis.
Pathology
They are a smooth muscle tu...
Article
Elephant trunk repair
An elephant trunk repair is a type of open repair procedure devised to address combined aneurysms, it is often a two staged procedure wherein the arch repair is facilitated by sternotomy and a second staged procedure is performed via left thoracotomy for the descending or thoracoabdominal aorta....
Article
Airway pressure release ventilation
Airway pressure release ventilation (APRV) is an alternative mode for mechanical ventilation. It can be adopted as an alternative method for difficult-to-oxygenate patients with acute lung injury (ALI) / acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
It is usually not recommended in patients who ...
Article
Ventriculopleural shunt
Ventriculopleural shunting is an alternative option for the diversion of CSF and relief of hydrocephalus. In this technique, the distal catheter is placed in the pleural space. It is an alternative to a ventriculoperitoneal shunt (often considered the next most used alternative).
Complications
...
Article
Polymyositis (pulmonary manifestations)
Lung involvement in polymyositis can have a number of manifestations including those resembling interstitial lung disease.
For a general discussion of polymyositis, please refer to the parent article.
Radiographic features
The lungs may present with a mixture of different fibrotic patterns, e...
Article
Esophageal leiomyoma
Esophageal leiomyoma is a benign smooth muscle neoplasm of the esophagus. It is the most common benign tumor of the esophagus.
Epidemiology
It is most frequently presents in young and middle age groups (20-50 years). The overall incidence is around 8-43 per 10,000 autopsy series 4.
Clinical p...
Article
Hemorrhagic pneumonia
Hemorrhagic pneumonia refers to a descriptive term for pneumonia (infective - inflammatory consolidation of the lung) that is complicated by pulmonary hemorrhage. It can be localized or diffuse to varying degrees depending on the extent of involvement +/- etiological agent.
Pathology
The preci...
Article
Preinvasive lesions of the lung
Preinvasive lesions of the lung are those pulmonary lesions that have not yet progressed to malignancy but have the potential to do so. This category includes:
squamous dysplasia (SD) of lungs: squamous cell carcinoma in situ (CIS) of lung
preinvasive adenocarcinoma of the lung 5,6
atypical a...
Article
Rapidly progressive pneumoconiosis
Rapidly progressive pneumoconiosis (RPP) is termed a form of pneumoconiosis when the condition shows an increase in chest radiograph profusion by one ILO subcategory in less than 5 years 1.
Conditions than can fall into this category include
accelerated silicosis
Article
Mesothelioma
Mesothelioma, also known as malignant mesothelioma, is an aggressive malignant tumor of the mesothelium. Most tumors arise from the pleura, and so this article will focus on pleural mesothelioma.
Given the presence of the mesothelium in different parts of the body, mesothelioma can arise in var...
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