Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
337 results found
Article
Copper deficiency
Copper deficiency (also known as hypocupremia) is unusual due to the ubiquity of copper in the normal diet.
Epidemiology
Copper deficiency is thought to be rare, but exact numbers are difficult to ascertain.
Clinical presentation
The typical presentation of copper deficiency mimics the more ...
Article
Sideroblastic anemia
Sideroblastic anemia (also known as sideroachrestic anemia) is a rare cause of anemia characterized by the presence of ring sideroblasts rather than normal red blood cells in the bloodstream. Sideroblastic anemia is either congenital or acquired.
Clinical presentation
Symptoms and signs reflec...
Article
Anemia
Anemia is the presence of reduced hemoglobin in the blood. Formally, the World Health Organizatiοn (WHO) defines anemia by the hemoglobin concentration in the blood according to age and sex 1:
adult men: <130 g/L
adult women: <120 g/L
Values for pregnant women and children are different.
Cli...
Article
Iron
Iron (chemical symbol Fe) is one of the trace elements that is essential for normal human health due to its central importance in the structure and function of hemoglobin and the cytochromes.
Chemistry
Basic chemistry
Iron is a transition metal with atomic number 26 and an atomic weight of 55...
Article
Ariboflavinosis
Ariboflavinosis is the term given to riboflavin (vitamin B2) deficiency.
Epidemiology
Ariboflavinosis has been seen in both developed and developing countries, and across the socioeconomic spectrum. It is usually present in the context of other hypovitaminoses.
It has been found to more comm...
Article
Folate deficiency
Folate deficiency (hypovitaminosis B9) is the most common vitamin deficiency in the Western world. It is especially important in pregnant women and common amongst alcoholics.
Epidemiology
Deficiency arises in two distinct populations:
increased demand (pregnancy and lactation)
decreased abs...
Article
Hypervitaminosis E
Hypervitaminosis E (or hypertocopherolaemia) is very rare as vitamin E has low toxicity even in large doses.
Clinical presentation
In published case reports, patients have presented with a bleeding tendency e.g. cerebral hemorrhage 1. These affected individuals have imbibed supraphysiological...
Article
Vitamin B12 deficiency
Vitamin B12 deficiency, also known as hypovitaminosis B12 or hypocobalaminemia, is not uncommon, with potentially serious sequelae if not adequately treated.
Clinical presentation
Vitamin B12 deficiency results in a reduction of two metabolic pathways 3:
conversion of L-methylmalonyl coenzym...
Article
Pernicious anemia
Pernicious anemia is the commonest cause of vitamin B12 deficiency (or hypocobalaminemia) in the world and is due to an autoantibody against intrinsic factor, the cofactor required for absorption of this vitamin.
Epidemiology
Pernicious anemia is the commonest cause of hypovitaminosis B12 glob...
Article
Solitary plasmacytoma with minimal bone marrow involvement
Solitary plasmacytoma with minimal bone marrow involvement refers to a type of plasmacytoma with bone marrow cytology positive for monoclonal plasma cell infiltration.
Criteria
In order to fulfill the International Myeloma Working Group criteria for the diagnosis of solitary plasmacytoma with ...
Article
Ann Arbor staging system (historical)
The Ann Arbor staging system was the landmark lymphoma staging classification system for both Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It is named after the town of Ann Arbor in the US state of Michigan where the Committee on Hodgkin's Disease Staging Classification met in 1971 to agree on it....
Article
Cotswolds-modified Ann Arbor classification
The Cotswolds-modified Ann Arbor classification is a lymphoma staging classification system for both Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. They came about in 1988 following recommended modifications to the Ann Arbor staging system after a meeting in Cotswold, England.
This classification h...
Article
Lugano staging classification
The Lugano staging classification is the lymphoma staging system that is most commonly used in clinical practice currently. The categories for initial staging are defined in this article. See separate articles for the Lugano criteria for response assessment by PET-CT or by CT alone, as well as g...
Article
Lugano classification (lesion measurement guidelines)
The Lugano classification is a lymphoma staging system resulting from recommended changes in 2011 to the Cotswolds modified Ann Arbor staging. This article outlines the lesion measurement guidelines for the system:
Eligible lesions
lymph nodes: the longest diameter in axial plane should be >1....
Article
Lugano classification (PET-CT treatment response)
The Lugano classification is a lymphoma staging system for non-Hodgkin and Hodgkin lymphoma. This article outlines the classification's response to treatment based on PET-CT.
Also included in the classification are staging and response to treatment based on CT.
Scoring system
The Lugano clas...
Article
Lugano classification (response to treatment on CT)
The Lugano classification is a lymphoma staging system resulting from recommended changes in 2011 to the Ann Arbor staging with Cotswolds modifications. This article outlines the classification's response to treatment based on CT.
Also included in the classification are staging and response to...
Article
Lymphoma response to immunomodulatory therapy criteria (LYRIC)
The Lymphoma Response to Immunomodulatory Therapy Criteria (LYRIC) represents an adaptation of the Lugano classification for the evaluation of lymphoma after immune-based treatment.
During immunomodulatory agents (e.g. checkpoint inhibitors) therapy, imaging findings suggestive of progressive d...
Article
Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma
Necrobiotic xanthogranulomas are a rare form of cutaneous non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis.
Epidemiology
The condition occurs mostly in older adults 2.
Clinical presentation
Patients demonstrate cutaneous papules that develop into large, firm plaques, papules and nodules, which are often ye...
Article
Histiocyte Society classification of histiocytoses
The Histiocyte Society classification of histiocytoses and neoplasms of macrophage-dendritic cell lineages is currently in its 2016 revision of the organization's initial classification system from 1987.
Terminology
Histiocytes are mononuclear phagocytes that reside in tissues, including macro...
Article
Labeled imaging anatomy cases
This article lists a series of labeled imaging anatomy cases by body region and modality.
Brain
CT head: non-contrast axial
CT head: non-contrast coronal
CT head: non-contrast sagittal
CT head: non-contrast axial with clinical questions
CT head: angiogram axial
CT head: angiogram coronal
...
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