Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
719 results found
Article
Gallbladder sludge
Gallbladder sludge, also known as biliary sand, biliary sediment, or thick bile, is a mixture of particulate matter and bile, normally seen as a fluid-fluid level in the gallbladder on ultrasound, corresponding to the precipitate of bile solutes.
Terminology
The term biliary microlithiasis is...
Article
Pancreas
The pancreas (plural: pancreata) is an unpaired, mostly retroperitoneal organ that has endocrine and exocrine functions, with a role in glucose metabolism and digestion.
Gross anatomy
Location
The pancreas is located at approximately the L1-L2 vertebral level in the anterior pararenal space o...
Article
Pancreas divisum
Pancreas divisum represents a variation in pancreatic ductal anatomy that can be associated with abdominal pain and idiopathic pancreatitis. It is characterized, in the majority of cases, by the dorsal pancreatic duct (i.e. main pancreatic and Santorini ducts) directly entering the minor papilla...
Article
Niemann-Pick disease type B
Niemann-Pick disease type B (NPD-B), along with Niemann-Pick disease type A (NPD-A), is an autosomal recessive disorder due to acid sphingomyelinase deficiency resulting in abnormal storage of sphingomyelin.
Common manifestation of NPD-B includes hepatosplenomegaly, thrombocytopenia, and variab...
Article
AAST injury scoring scales
The American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) injury scoring scales are the most widely accepted and used system of classifying and categorizing traumatic injuries. Injury grade reflects severity, guides management, and aids in prognosis. 32 different injury scores are available (c. ...
Article
Ceftriaxone-associated gallbladder pseudolithiasis
Ceftriaxone-associated gallbladder pseudolithiasis is a not-uncommon complication of this common antibiotic, where a ceftriaxone-calcium precipitate forms gallbladder sludge. It appears more common in pediatric patients.
Epidemiology
In one series, 25% of pediatric patients developed gallbladd...
Article
Liver transplantation
Liver transplantation is a major surgical procedure for end-stage liver disease and requires a comprehensive multidisciplinary approach. Radiology plays a major role in the evaluation of patients before and after liver transplantation as well as potential donor patients.
This article does not d...
Article
Gallbladder lymphoma
Gallbladder lymphoma is exceedingly rare and presents diagnostic challenges due to its imaging characteristics often resembling those of gallbladder adenocarcinoma.
Epidemiology
Primary lymphomas of the gallbladder are extremely rare, accounting for approximately 0.1-0.2% of all malignant tumo...
Article
Extramedullary hematopoiesis
Extramedullary hematopoiesis is a response to the failure of erythropoiesis in the bone marrow.
This article aims to a general approach on the condition, for a dedicated discussion for a particularly involved organ, please refer to the specific articles on:
extramedullary hematopoiesis in the...
Article
Alveolar echinococcosis
Alveolar echinococcosis, also referred as hepatic alveolar echinococcosis or E. alveolaris, is a more aggressive and invasive form of hepatic hydatid disease caused by Echinococcus multilocularis. It mimics a slow-growing tumor, as in contrast to E. granulosus it does not form a well defined enc...
Article
Fat suppressed imaging
Fat suppression is commonly used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) imaging to suppress the signal from adipose tissue or detect adipose tissue 1. It can be applied to both T1 and T2 weighted sequences.
Due to short relaxation times, fat has a high signal on MRI. This high, easily recognized ...
Article
Acute cholecystitis
Acute cholecystitis refers to the acute inflammation of the gallbladder. It is the primary complication of cholelithiasis and the most common cause of acute pain in the right upper quadrant (RUQ).
Epidemiology
Acute cholecystitis is a common cause of hospital admission and is responsible for a...
Article
Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography
Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) is a radiographic technique employed in the visualization of the biliary tree and can be used as the first step in a number of percutaneous biliary interventions (e.g. percutaneous transhepatic biliary stent placement)
Indications
Purely diagnost...
Article
Bile duct injury
Bile duct injuries are a potentially serious surgical problem associated with high morbidity, mortality, and prolonged hospitalization 1,2. These injuries typically occur infrequently as a complication of technically difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy procedures or in the setting of hepatobi...
Article
Hemorrhagic shock and encephalopathy syndrome
Hemorrhagic shock and encephalopathy syndrome (HSES) is a rare pediatric encephalopathy syndrome with a high mortality rate.
Epidemiology
Hemorrhagic shock and encephalopathy syndrome is considered rare, although the exact global incidence and prevalence is not known. The condition occurs in i...
Article
Beaver tail liver
Beaver tail liver, also known as a sliver of liver, is a variant of hepatic morphology where an elongated left liver lobe extends laterally to contact and often surround the anterior aspect of the spleen 2.
Beaver tail liver is more common in females. The parenchyma is normal and therefore has ...
Article
Omentum
An omentum is a double layer of peritoneum that attaches the stomach to another viscus:
the greater omentum hangs from the greater curvature of the stomach like an apron
the lesser omentum attaches the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver superiorly
Gross anatomy
Greater omentum
The...
Article
Pancreas transplant
A pancreas transplant is a major surgical procedure in which a donor pancreas is transplanted into a recipient. The donor pancreas is typically cadaveric, but may rarely be a segment from a living donor 1. The transplant is meant to establish normoglycemia in patients with diabetes mellitus, typ...
Article
Mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy
Mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy (MNGIE) is a very rare inherited condition characterized by progressive gastrointestinal and neurological dysfunction.
Terminology
Mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy has been known as a number of different names previousl...
Article
Mirizzi syndrome
Mirizzi syndrome refers to an uncommon phenomenon that results in extrinsic compression of an extrahepatic biliary duct from one or more calculi within the cystic duct or gallbladder. It is a functional hepatic syndrome but can often present with biliary duct dilatation and can mimic other hepat...
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